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K. Sukumaran (writer)

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K. Sukumaran (20 May 1876 – 11 March 1956) was a short story writer, humourist, poet, essayist and playwright from Malabar, India. He was one of the pioneers of the short story in Malayalam.[1][2] He is sometimes referred to as Malabar K. Sukumaran to distinguish him from other writers with similar names.[3]

Life

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K. Sukumaran was born on 20 May 1876 to Kambil Thattailathu Govindan and Idamalathu Neely. His uncle Diwan Bahadur E. K. Krishnan was a sub-judge in Calicut.[4] Sukumaran stayed with his uncle and did his schooling. He studied at Norman School, Municipal School and Basel Mission School.[5] He passed his matriculation in 1890 as a private candidate as he was underage. He completed his Intermediate from Telicherry Brennen College and Palghat Victoria College. He graduated in Zoology from Madras Presidency College in 1894.[4] Then he started working as a civil court clerk. He passed the civil judiciary test in 1915. He retired from services in 1931 while working at the Assistant Sessions Court in Calicut. Sukumaran died on 11 March 1956.[5] He was married to his uncle's daughter Kousalya.[5]

Writing

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Sukumaran started his writing career by writing slokas (verses), inspired by the Venmani slokas. His initial poems were published in Bharathi, a magazine run by some prominent Thiyyas of Malabar such as M. R. K. C.[5] Later he turned his attention to prose. Most of his stories are compiled in three books: Sukumara Katha Manjari, Cherukatha and Anchu Kathakal.[5] In the series Sukumara Katha Manjari eight volumes are available. His novels/novelettes include Azhakulla Pennu, Vidhi, Aa Vallatha Nottam, Inakkavum Pinakkavum, Oru Podikkai, Papathinte Phalam, Aarante Kutti, Vidhavayude Vashi, Vivahathinte Vila and Virunnu Vanna Maman.[5] Sukumaran's plays include Bheeshani, Misrayile Rani and Upadesiyaar.[5] He also wrote a love poem titled Bhasavilasam and allegories. He wrote extensively on science topics and published books such as Albutha Viswasangalum Acharanangalum, Janthusastram, Pranivamsa Charitram, Parakkan Vayyathe Poya Pakshikal and Jyothisastram.[5] He has written a series of four books on zoology—Anu Muthal Erumbu Vare (From germ to ant), Matsyam Muthal Pambu Vare (From fish to snake), Pakshikal (Birds) and Mrugam Muthal Manushyam Vare (From animal to man)—where he presents scientific topics in a humorous manner.[5] In Pranivamsa Charitram, he describes lion, crow, rat, mosquito and frog. Chiriyo Chiri is a collection of humour writings. Sukumaragadyamanjari is a collection of essays.[5]

Even though Sukumaran published about fifty works in various genres like short story, humour, novel, drama, poetry and science, Sukumaran's significance in Malayalam literature is as an early short story writer. In Kerala Sahitya Charitram (History of Literature in Kerala), Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer mentions seven writers as the pioneers of the short story in Malayalam: Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon (M. R. K. C.), Sanjayan (M. Ramanunni Nair), E. V. Krishna Pillai and K. Sukumaran.[2] According to literary critic K. M. Tharakan, the short story as a literary genre evolved and attained perfection with the arrival of K. Sukumaran and E. V. Krishna Pillai.[6] According to K. M. George, even though there is monotony in many of K. Sukumaran's stories, they provide light entertainment because of the snatches of humour and they became very popular at the time because of their witty dialogues and lucid prose.[7] Literary critic P. K. Parameswaran Nair notes that although K. Sukumaran's themes are not profound or his treatment artistic, the stories make interesting reading because of the humour with which they are generously treated and the clever talk of the characters. Nair also observes that Sukumaran's treatment of sringara often borders on the obscene.[8] According to Sukumar Azhikode, love and romance dominated the themes of K. Sukumaran's stories. According to him, "the unrestrained use of wit and humour gave the stories of K. Sukumaran remarkable entertainment value", but "it destroyed the artistic unity of his creations".[9]

Bibliography

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The following is a list of books published by K. Sukumaran. The bibliographical details of subsequent editions are used wherever the details of the first edition are not available.

Short story collections

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Sukumara Katha Manjari
  • — (1930). Sapikkapetta Sapathangal. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 1; Collection of five short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[10]
  • — (1930). Oru Podikkai Thudangi Naalu Sarasakathakal. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 2; Collection of four short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1948). Kadam Kondu Kittiya Muthal Thudangi Naalu Cherukathakal (3rd ed.). Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 3; Collection of four short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1955). Aarante Kutti Thudangi Anchu Cherukathakal (Reprinted ed.). Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 4; Collection of five short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (n.d.). Sukumara Katha Manjari (4 Parts). Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Collection of first four parts of Sukumara Katha Manjari; 18 short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[12]
  • — (1934). Choorkattil Chorakannan Muthal Naalu Kathakal. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 5; Collection of four short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1934). Irumban Kunju Thudangi Aaru Kathakal. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 6; Collection of six short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1936). Asooyamayam. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Sukumara Katha Manjari Part 7){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
Others
  • — (1929). Cherukathakal: Part 1. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Collection of six short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1929). Cherukathakal: Part 2. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Collection of six short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1937). Menavante Thanthravum Kurikku Kollatha Yukthiyum. Calicut: K. R. Brothers.[12]
  • — (1951). Aa Vallatha Nottam. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (With an introduction by K. Gopalakurup){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[11]
  • — (1960). Vidhavayude Vashi. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (Collection of six short stories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[12]

Novels

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  • — (n.d.). Azhakulla Pennu. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[13]
  • — (1948). Jathayude Jayam. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (Based on Siegfried Trebitsch's work translated by George Bernard Shaw){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[14]
  • — (1949). Inakkavum Pinakkavum. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[13]
  • — (1950). Vidhi: Part 1. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1950). Vidhi: Part 2. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1951). Vivahathinte Vila. Calicut: K. R. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1953). Kudumba Paridhi. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1955). Ithu Chathiyo. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[13]
  • — (1955). Virunnu Vanna Maman. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1959). Chunayulla Pennu. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[14]
  • — (1962). Papathinte Phalam athava Ragathinte Balam. Calicut: K. R. Brothers.[14]

Plays

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  • — (1949). Misrayile Rani athava Ellam Kalanja Kamam. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[15]
  • — (1951). Bheeshani. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[15]
  • — (1961). Upadeshiyar. Calicut: P. K. Brothers.[15]

Science

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  • — (1923). Janthusastram: Part 1. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (From germs to ants){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[16]
  • — (1923). Janthusastram: Part 2. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (From fishes to snakes){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[17]
  • — (1923). Janthusastram: Part 3. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Birds){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[17]
  • — (1923). Janthusastram: Part 4. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Mammals){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[17]
  • — (1923). Janthusastram. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (All four volumes combined){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[17]
  • — (1923). Janthu Vritantham. Quilon: V. V. Press.[17]
  • — (1929). Jyothisastram. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (On sky, earth and stars){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[18]
  • — (1931). Pranivamsa Charitram: Part 1. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Cellular organism, earthworm, ant, etc.){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]
  • — (1931). Pranivamsa Charitram: Part 2. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Crow, dog, chicken, eagle, termite){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]
  • — (1931). Pranivamsa Charitram: Part 3. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Snake, jungle crow, rat, mosquito, fox){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]
  • — (1931). Pranivamsa Charitram: Part 4. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Lizard family, termite, owl, squirrel){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]
  • — (1955). Pranivamsa Charitram (2nd ed.). Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (All four volumes combined){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]
  • — (1957). Parakkan Vayyathayi Poya Pakshikal. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (Chicken, Dodo, Penguin, Ostrich, Emu and Kiwi){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[19]

Others

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  • — (1933). Chila Anyapadeshangal. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Collection of allegories){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[20]
  • — (1934). Sukumara Gadya Manjari. Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Collection of 7 essays: :Poovu", "Vairakallu", "Kotti", "Mulamkoodu", "Pallikal", "Arabi Ottakam", "Oru Nirupanam"){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[21]
  • — (1947). Bhasavilasam. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (Love poem){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[20]
  • — (1952). Chiriyo Chiri (2nd ed.). Calicut: K. R. Brothers. (Humour){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[22]
  • — (1956). Albutha Viswasangalum Acharanangalum. Calicut: P. K. Brothers. (Book on sexual beliefs and practices across the globe){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[23]

References

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  1. ^ Archiv Orientální. Vol. 48. Oriental Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences. 1980. p. 39. In Kerala, among the pioneers of the Malayalam short-story, we may mention O. Kunjukrishna Menon, Ch. Kunjurama Menon, A. Narayana Poduval, and K. Sukumaran (1876—1956), the most fertile among the early short-story writers.
  2. ^ a b Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer (1953). "63.1". Kerala Sahithya Charithram (in Malayalam). University of Travancore. ചെറുകഥാപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ അരുണോദയകാലത്തു നമുക്കു് പല അനുഗൃഹീതന്മാരായ വാണീവല്ലഭന്മാരെ നിരീക്ഷിയ്ക്കുവാൻ കഴിയും. 1 വേങ്ങയിൽ കുഞ്ഞിരാമൻനായനാർ, 2 ഒടുവിൽ കുഞ്ഞിക്കൃഷ്ണമേനോൻ, 3 അമ്പാടി നാരായണപ്പുതുവാൾ, 4 എം. ആർ. കെ. സി., 5 എം. രാമുണ്ണിനായർ, 6 ഈ. വി. കൃഷ്ണപിള്ള, 7 കെ. സുകുമാരൻ. ഇവരിൽ സുകുമാരൻ മാത്രമേ ഇന്നു നമ്മോടുകൂടിയുള്ളു.
  3. ^ M. Krishnan Nair (17 November 1989). "Sahitya Varaphalam". Kalakaumudi. Sayahna.org.
  4. ^ a b M. Rajeev Kumar (9 October 2022). "എസ് ഹരീഷിന്റെ മീശയും എം.ബി.രാജേഷിന്റെ താടിയും.". Kalamnews.in. Retrieved 17 Najuary 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "സുകുമാരന്‍. കെ (മലബാര്‍)". Keralaliterature.com. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  6. ^ K. M. Tharakan (1990). A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature. National Books. p. 72. The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran. The type of short stories written by these gifted men attained perfection in the works of K. Sukumaran and E. V. Krishna Pillai.
  7. ^ K. M. George (1968). A survey of Malayalam literature (1st ed.). Bombay: Asia Publishing House. p. 184.
  8. ^ P. K. Parameswaran Nair (1967). History of Malayalam Literature. Translated by E. M. J. Venniyoor. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 141.
  9. ^ Sukumar Azhikode (1977). "The Short Story in Malayalam". Indian Literature. 20 (2). Sahitya Akademi: 5–22. JSTOR 24157289.
  10. ^ Govi, K. M., ed. (1973). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 1. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. p. 675.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Govi 1973, p. 674.
  12. ^ a b c Govi 1973, p. 675.
  13. ^ a b c Govi 1973, p. 573.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Govi 1973, p. 574.
  15. ^ a b c Govi 1973, p. 417.
  16. ^ Govi, K. M., ed. (1974). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 2. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. p. 529.
  17. ^ a b c d e Govi 1974, p. 529.
  18. ^ Govi 1974, p. 513.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Govi 1974, p. 530.
  20. ^ a b Govi 1973, p. 275.
  21. ^ Govi 1973, p. 820.
  22. ^ Govi 1973, p. 760.
  23. ^ Govi 1974, p. 333.
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