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Joining technology

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Connection between rail and sleeper:

The joining technology is used in any type of mechanical joint which is the arrangement formed by two or more elements: typically, two physical parts and a joining element. The mechanical joining systems make possible to form a set of several pieces using the individual parts and the corresponding joining elements. There are fixed sets and removable sets.

Most common utensils (tools, furniture, weapons, clothing, footwear, vehicles, ...) are made up of sets of parts.[1] The study of mechanical joints is essential to ensure the proper functioning of the mentioned assemblies.”.[2]

Types of unions

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Connecting rod from a Volkswagen engine.

Metallic materials

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Wood and "nailable" materials

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Wood

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The joints between pieces of wood (natural or processed), between materials similar to joint effects (for example, plastic foam boards) and combined materials can be various. If the parts to be joined include (in addition to wood) metals, ceramic materials or polymers, the joints can be more elaborate.

Joints

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Joints of two pieces of wood . A mortise determines the shape of the ends of the two pieces of wood to be joined. Some of traditional joints are listed below:

Joining elements

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Tools with wooden handle

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Often the handle is wedged and forced. Sometimes with a skinny type bailer or similar.

Others

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Polymers

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Flexible materials

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Knots

Self unions

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Wooden fence
Braided pigtail

Some manufactured items are made from a raw material using self unions, that is: unions without using other joining materials.

  • Tela metàl·lica
    Chain-link fencing
  • Els diferents tipus de teixit: 1 triple doblec, 2 doblec simple, 3 corrugat (Claude Augé:Larousse universel, 1922)
    The different types of net: 1 triple fold, 2 single fold, 3 corrugated (Claude Augé:Larousse universel, 1922)
  • Gàbies de "tela metàl·lica hexagonal per a aus de corral
    "Hexagonal metal cages for poultry

Historical examples

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Reconstruction of Ötzi's ax with a polished copper tip
Flint ax in a stag horn stand.

Neolithic

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The replacement of cut stone tools by polished stone tools is not the most important innovation, although it is the one that gives the period its name. The diversification of tasks that needed to be done (cutting down trees, sowing seeds, harvesting cereals, much of the grain...) explains that the first farmers had to create new specific tools for each function. Most utensils were made of flint with a wooden handle, others were made of bone and animal horn. They made pottery to store food, fabric for clothing with wool and linen, musical instruments...

The mortice and tenon coupling was used to join the planks of the ancient Greek ships with double box and false wick. This set was fixed with a wooden peg on each side.[17] The construction system of the large ships of antiquity (the chaining with a guarantor of the lining plates) was of Phoenician origin. The Romans called it "Phoenician chains" ("coagmenta punicana", in Latin plural).[18]

Bronze Age

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Bronze ax from the Messara tombs. Two riveted pieces.

iron age

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Phoenicians and Carthaginians

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Coupling principle of the planks of the ancient Greek ships with double box and false wick

The mortice and tenon coupling was used to join the planks of the ancient Greek ships with double box and false wick. This set was fixed with a wooden peg on each side. The construction system of the large ships of antiquity (the chaining with a guarantor of the lining plates) was of Phoenician origin. The Romans called it "Phoenician joints" ("coagmenta punicana", in Latin plural).[18]

Ancient egypt

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The images show three material assemblies representing three mechanical joints and the corresponding joint elements. The first example, a solar boat, recalls the sewn joints of the wooden pieces that make up the boat's hull. In this particular case the joints were reinforced with box and wick fittings. The second example is that of the wheels of a war chariot. The button of a wheel was formed by the union of the six "vertices" of six pieces of wood - each bent at an angle - so that each spoke was formed by the union of two arms of contiguous angular pieces. The third example is based on the funerary mask of Tutankhamun and shows a kind of soft welding for metals.

  • Keops solar boat
    Keops solar boat
  • Copy of a war chariot.
    Copy of a war chariot.
  • Tutankamon Mask with soldered beard.
    Tutankamon Mask with soldered beard.
  • Petit chien à bélière with brazed ring.
    Petit chien à bélière with brazed ring.

Ancient Greece

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Classical Greek culture offers many examples of ensembles made up of pieces mechanically joined together. The following sets are randomly presented: a hoplite spear, a hoplite shield, a mechanical system for chariot racing,[19] the Antikythera mechanism, and general war machines.[20]

  • Figura 1. Dos hoplites lluitant amb les seves llances.
    Figure 1. Two hoplites fighting with their spears.
  • Figura 2. Combat entre dos hoplites mostrant el sistema de penjar i agafar l'escut.
    Figure 2. Combat between two hoplites showing the system of hanging and grabbing the shield.
  • Figura 3. Curses de carros
    Figure 3. Chariot races
  • Figura 4. Reproduccions d'antigues màquines de guerra gregues o romanes
    Figure 4. Reproductions of ancient Greek or Roman war machines

In figure 1 you can see a Greek spear made up of three parts: the tip (of bronze or steel), the shaft (of ash or a similar wood) and the shaft (of bronze or steel). This set involves two unions.

Viking Era

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The ships of the Vikings, the drakkars, had (almost all) tingled hulls.

The juxtaposed lath system was the most popular on the Mediterranean coast. Boats, oxen, gussies and ships of great harbor had ships according to this arrangement. The tingled can method (in which each can overlaps the bottom can) was typical of the Atlantic coasts. An example would be the ships of the Vikings, the drakkars. The method of sewing the tins was followed in various parts of the world, with examples in the Nordic countries and on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.

The union of two planks in a drakkar was secured by means of iron rivets (or nails with a dome on the outside and a bent point on the inside). The tightness was obtained with moss or wool impregnated with resin or glue.

Patents

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Since about the fifteenth century, joining technologies have been the subject of patents and similar actions. Here follows a small, random sample, arranged chronologically. The listed patents include assembly tools for mounting or tightening fasteners.

References

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  1. ^ Unions desmuntables en els vehicle. Col·lecció de llibres per a cicles formatius (in Catalan). CESVIMAP. 2003. p. 75. ISBN 978-84-9701-092-4. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  2. ^ Silva, M.L. (2015). UF1962 - Ensamblado de componentes de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos (in Spanish). Editorial Elearning, S.L. p. 431. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  3. ^ Alonso Marcos, C. (2022). Tecnicas de unión y montaje. Paraninfo ciclos formativos (in Spanish). Ediciones Paraninfo, S.A. p. 95. ISBN 978-84-1366-078-3. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  4. ^ Coral, J.F. (2010). Unions Cargolades. TEM Temes d'Enginyeria Mecánica. Edicions de la UPC, S.L. ISBN 978-84-8301-142-3. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
  5. ^ Selected Advances in Welding, Brazing, and Soldering Technology. Small Business Administration. 1968. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  6. ^ "Historique". Lamello AG (in French). Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  7. ^ Walker, C. (2018). Stickmaking: The Complete Guide. Crowood. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-78500-414-8. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  8. ^ Meier, D. (2006). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Boydell Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-84383-237-9. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  9. ^ de Paula Mellado, F.; de Laboulaye, C.P.L. (1857). Diccionario de artes y manufacturas de agricultura, de minas, etc. Diccionario de artes y manufacturas, de agricultura, de minas, etc: descripción de todos los procedimientos industriales y fabriles (in Spanish). Mellado. p. 377. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  10. ^ Comas, R.P. (1989). Manual del luthier: tratado práctico sobre la construcción de violines (in Spanish). Ramón Pinto Comas. ISBN 978-84-404-5419-5. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  11. ^ "Scarfing Plywood". Building Burnett. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ Blake-Coleman, B.C. (1992). Copper Wire and Electrical Conductors: The Shaping of a Technology. Harwood Academic. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-7186-5200-6. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  13. ^ Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. October 1981. p. 121. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  14. ^ Ribas i Bertran, M. (1988). Els orígens de Mataró (in Portuguese). Caixa d'Estalvis Laietana. p. 81. ISBN 978-84-232-0271-3. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  15. ^ Kolb, J. (2011). Bois: systèmes constructifs (in French). Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes. p. 243. ISBN 978-2-88074-947-7. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  16. ^ Nonell, J. (1906). Grámatica de la llengua catalana (in Spanish). Llibreria de A. Verdaguer. p. 58. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  17. ^ Chamber's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. W. & R. Chambers. 1892. p. 745. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  18. ^ a b Sean McGrail (30 November 2014). Early Ships and Seafaring: Water Transport within Europe. Pen and Sword. p. 69–. ISBN 978-1-4738-4777-4.
  19. ^ "Ancient Olympics". ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
  20. ^ Technē and Method in Ancient Artillery Construction: The Belopoeica of Philo of Byzantium. Mark J.Schiefsky.
  21. ^ Johansson, Johan Petter (11 May 1892). Pn = 4066 & id = 57764 "SE Patent: SE-4.066 Stallbar skrufnyckel". Directory of American Tool and Machinery Patents. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)[dead link‍]
  22. ^ "Johan Petter Johansson". Tekniska museet. 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  23. ^ a b "Fastener and driver combination". Google Patents. 1981-07-14. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  24. ^ "Blind rivet". Google Patents. 1944-11-20. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
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