Johnnie Phelps
Nell "Johnnie" Phelps (April 4, 1922 – December 30, 1997) was a member of the Women's Army Corps who falsely[1] claimed that she managed to convince General Dwight D. Eisenhower not to eject lesbian members of the WAC as he had been ordered by President Truman.
Early life
[edit]Johnnie Phelps was born in North Carolina[2] as Nell Louise Phelps on April 4, 1922, and was raised with an adoptive family.[3][4]
Military career
[edit]Johnnie Phelps joined the Women's Army Corps in 1943 during World War II. She was honorably discharged in 1945 and reenlisted in 1946.
Phelps claimed that in her post-World War II service she was assigned to head the motor pool for General Eisenhower in Germany.[2][4] She claimed in an interview with Bunny MacCulloch in 1982,[5] that in 1947 she was told by General Eisenhower, "It's come to my attention that there are lesbians in the WACs, we need to ferret them out...." Phelps replied, "If the General pleases, sir, I'll be happy to do that, but the first name on the list will be mine." Eisenhower's secretary added, "If the General pleases, sir, my name will be first and hers will be second." Phelps then told Eisenhower, "Sir, you're right, there are lesbians in the WACs – and if you want to replace all the file clerks, section commanders, drivers, every woman in the WAC detachment, I will be happy to make that list. But you must know, sir, that they are the most decorated group – there have been no illegal pregnancies, no AWOLs, no charges of misconduct." Eisenhower dropped the idea.[6][7][3][8][2][9][10] Later Phelps said, "There were almost nine hundred women in the battalion. I could honestly say that 95 percent of them were lesbians".[3] She was honorably discharged a second time.[4]
This story about Phelps’s conversation with Eisenhower and her claims about her military service directly contradict her service record and have since been largely discredited as a result of research by scholars.[1]
Later career
[edit]Phelps left the army to establish her own printing business, which she ran for years.[4][2]
Phelps joined the National Organization for Women and founded the San Gabriel Valley - Whittier chapter in 1979. She chaired the California Lesbian Task Force (a branch of California NOW), and spearheaded protests on behalf of the Norton Sound Eight - eight female crew members aboard the USS Norton Sound who were charged with "homosexual misconduct." In addition, she joined the Southern California Women for Understanding organization and served on the Los Angeles County Veterans' Advisory Commission. A recovering alcoholic, she also served as president of the Alcoholism Center for Women.[2][4]
She was appointed by Gloria Molina to the Los Angeles Commission on Veterans' Affairs and resigned in 1996 due to severe health problems.
She appeared in the Before Stonewall documentary, and she was interviewed for books, including, My Country, My Right to Serve by Mary Ann Humphrey,[11] and Conduct Unbecoming by Randy Shilts.[3]
She appeared in the Trailblazers: Unsung Military Heroines of WWII documentary by Mindy Pomper, shown ad infinitum at the Women's Memorial in Washington D.C.
Personal life
[edit]Phelps married a Navy man, but the marriage was unhappy, and to escape it, she joined the military in 1943.[4]
Johnnie Phelps' first female lover died when their boat was bombed as they landed on Leyte, Philippines in 1944.[8]
Living in Southern California, Phelps became politically active in the 1970s. It was around this time that she met Grace Bukowski, her last partner, who survived her.[4] Phelps died on December 30, 1997, at the Veterans Home in Barstow, and her ashes were buried with full honor in the U.S. Veterans Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles.[8][4]
Legacy
[edit]In 1993, Veterans for Human Rights organized the annual Sgt. Johnnie Phelps Annual Awards Banquet in Portland, Oregon.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Knaff, Donna (2009-10-27). "The "Ferret Out the Lesbians" Legend: Johnnie Phelps, General Eisenhower, and the Power and Politics of Myth". Journal of Lesbian Studies. 13 (4): 415–430. doi:10.1080/10894160903048155. ISSN 1089-4160. PMID 19830618. S2CID 205754239.
- ^ a b c d e Sears, James Thomas (2001). Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South. Rutgers University Press. p. 342. ISBN 9780813529646. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Hampf, Michaela (2010). Release a Man for Combat: The Women's Army Corps During World War II. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 240. ISBN 9783412206604. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Finding aid of the Johnnie Phelps Papers and Memorabilia" (PDF). ONE National Gay and Lesbian Archives. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ Faderman, Lillian (2012). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. Columbia University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780231530743. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ Marcia M. Gallo (2006). Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement. Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-1-58005-252-8.
- ^ Shilts, Randy (2014). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497683150. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ a b c Stewart, Chuck (2014). Proud Heritage: People, Issues, and Documents of the LGBT Experience [3 volumes]: People, Issues, and Documents of the LGBT Experience. ABC-CLIO. p. 392. ISBN 9781610693998. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ Kuhn, Betsy (2011). Gay Power!: The Stonewall Riots and the Gay Rights Movement, 1969. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 28. ISBN 9780761372752. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ Kaiser, Charles (2007). The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America. Grove/Atlantic, Inc. p. 56. ISBN 9781555848316. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ Humphrey, Mary Ann (1990). My Country, My Right to Serve: Experiences of Gay Men and Women in the Military, World War II to the Present. HarperPerennial. ISBN 9780060164461. Retrieved 30 December 2017.