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Johannes Krause

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Johannes Krause, 2019

Johannes Krause (born July 17, 1980, in Leinefelde) is a German biochemist with a research focus on historical infectious diseases and human evolution. Since 2010, he has been professor of archaeology and paleogenetics at the University of Tübingen. In 2014, Krause was named a founding co-director of the new Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena.

Career

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From 2000 to 2005, Krause studied biochemistry in Leipzig and at the University College Cork in Ireland. In 2005 he obtained his diploma with the publication The mitochondrial genome of the woolly mammoth at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, followed by a doctoral dissertation in 2008 under Svante Pääbo entitled From genes to genomes: Applications for multiplex PCR in Ancient DNA Research regarding genetic investigations into Neanderthals and cave bears.[1]

In 2010, for his doctoral thesis he was awarded the Tübingen Award for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology. The same year, for his co-authorship of the Science article A draft sequence and preliminary analysis of the Neandertal genome he received the Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the prize for the best article of the year. In October 2010, he became a junior professor at the Institute of Scientific Archaeology in Tübingen. Since then he has headed the working group on paleogenetics at the institute.

In the summer of 2014, it was announced that the Max Planck Institute of Economics in Jena would receive a different mandate. Along with Russell Gray, Krause was appointed co-director of a new Max Planck Institute of History and the Sciences, starting February 1, 2014.[2] At the same time Krause remains an Honorary Professor at the University of Tübingen.

In 2021, he published A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe, co-authored with journalist Thomas Trappe. It is a summary of the state of the art of archaeogenetics as it relates to the peopling of Europe.[3]

Research

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Krause's focus is genetic analysis of ancient DNA using DNA sequencing. His research interests include human evolution and historical pathogens and epidemics.[4]

In 2010, Krause and others successfully reconstructed the mitochondrial DNA of a Denisovan individual from 30 milligrams of powdered material from a finger bone. This enabled him to demonstrate that the Denisovans represented an independent branch of the genus Homo which diverged from the Neanderthal lineage 640,000 years ago.[5][6] He also contributed to research in the genetic heritage of Neanderthals, which demonstrated that Neanderthals and modern humans share the same "language gene" (FOXP2) which suggests Neanderthals also had the capacity to speak.[7][8]

Krause was part of the international research team which in 2011 reconstructed the genome of the bacterium Yersinia pestis from DNA samples extracted from the 14th-century East Smithfield plague cemetery in London, establishing definitive proof that the medieval Black Death epidemic was caused by Yersinia pestis.[9][10]

In June 2013, Krause's group in collaboration with the Institute of Technology Lausanne published research showing that the leprosy bacterium has not changed genetically since the Middle Ages and all leprosy bacteria can be attributed worldwide to a common ancestor dating to 4000 BC.[11]

In 2017, a team led by Krause performed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes of mummified individuals from Ancient Egypt. However, by the team's own admission in the manuscript, the samples may not have been representative of the majority of Egyptians. Other haplotype and PCR DNA findings indicate Sub-Saharan African origin in modern Egyptian populations. Their study looked at 90 individuals and revealed that they "closely resembled ancient and modern Near Eastern populations, especially those in the Levant, and had almost no DNA from sub-Saharan Africa. What's more, the genetics of the mummies remained remarkably consistent even as different powers—including Nubians, Greeks, and Romans—conquered the empire.[12][13]

In 2019, Krause and others published an analysis of the spread of Y. pestis during the Black Death epidemic beginning in Europe in 1347. Among the findings, a 14th-century strain from the Samara region in Russia was found to be ancestral to the Black Death. Other genomes from across Eur/ope during the period were identical, suggesting the speed at which the plague spread.[14] Later on, at least two distinct clades appear to have developed within Europe. One is associated with disease outbreaks in Germany and Switzerland during the 15th–17th century AD. Another relates to outbreaks in London in the 17th-century and Marseille in the 18th-century. This suggests that the disease may have remained dormant in more than one disease reservoir in Europe. The occurrences of plague in London and Marseille may also be related to maritime travel.[15] Modern strains of Y. pestis, such as those found in Madagascar in 2017, are very similar to the ancestral strain of the Black Death. Improved human hygiene, decreasing populations of black rats and fleas, and lessened human contact with them, likely did more to limit transmission of the disease than genetic changes.[14]

Publications

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References

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  1. ^ Michael Bolus: Laudatio: Dr. Johannes Krause, Preisträger des zwölften Tübinger Förderpreises für Ältere Urgeschichte und Quartärökologie Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine (pdf; 155 kB), In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte, Band 19, 2010, S. 7–10.
  2. ^ Gray, Russell. "Russell Gray". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 3 Dec 2021.
  3. ^ Krause, Johannes (2021). A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe. Random House. ISBN 9780593229422.
  4. ^ "Johannes Krause". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  5. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (2010-12-22). "Ancient humans, dubbed 'Denisovans', interbred with us". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
  6. ^ J. Krause; Q. Fu; J. M. Good; B. Viola; M. V. Shunkov; A. P. Derevianko; S. Pääbo (2010). "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia". Nature. 464 (7290): 894–897. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..894K. doi:10.1038/nature08976. PMC 10152974. PMID 20336068.
  7. ^ J. Krause; C. Lalueza-Fox; L. Orlando; W. Enard; R. E. Green; H. A. Burbano; J.-J. Hublin; C. Hänni; J. Fortea; M. de la Rasilla; J. Bertranpetit; A. Rosas; S. Pääbo (2007). "The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals". Current Biology. 17 (21): 1908–1912. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-FED3-1. PMID 17949978. S2CID 9518208.
  8. ^ M. Inman (October 18, 2007). "Neandertals Had Same "Language Gene" as Modern Humans". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007.
  9. ^ Kirsten I. Bos; Verena J. Schuenemann; G. Brian Golding; Hernán A. Burbano; Nicholas Waglechner; Brian K. Coombes; Joseph B. McPhee; Sharon N. DeWitte; Matthias Meyer; Sarah Schmedes; James Wood; David J. D. Earn; D. Ann Herring; Peter Bauer; Hendrik N. Poinar; Johannes Krause (2011). "A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". Nature. 478 (7370): 506–510. Bibcode:2011Natur.478..506B. doi:10.1038/nature10549. PMC 3690193. PMID 21993626.
  10. ^ V. J. Schuenemann; K. Bos; S. DeWitte; S. Schmedes; J. Jamieson; A. Mittnik; S. Forrest; B. K. Coombes; J. W. Wood; D. J. D. Earn; W. White; J. Krause; H. N. Poinar (2011). "Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". PNAS. 108 (38): E746–E752. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108E.746S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105107108. PMC 3179067. PMID 21876176.
  11. ^ V. J. Schuenemann; P. Singh; T. A. Mendum; B. Krause-Kyora; G. Jäger; K. I. Bos; A. Herbig; C. Economou; A. Benjak; P. Busso; A. Nebel; J. L. Boldsen; A. Kjellström; H. Wu; G. R. Stewart; G. M. Taylor; P. Bauer; O. Y.-C. Lee; H. H.T. Wu; D. E. Minnikin; G. S. Besra; K. Tucker; S. Roffey; S. O. Sow; S. T. Cole; K. Nieselt; J. Krause (2013). "Genome-Wide Comparison of Medieval and Modern Mycobacterium leprae". Science. 341 (6142): 179–183. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..179S. doi:10.1126/science.1238286. PMID 23765279. S2CID 22760148.
  12. ^ Wade, L. (2017). "Egyptian mummy DNA, at last". Science. 356 (6341): 894. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..894W. doi:10.1126/science.356.6341.894. PMID 28572344.
  13. ^ V. J. Schuenemann; A. Peltzer; B. Welte; W. P. van Pelt; M. Molak; A. Furtwängler; C. Urban; E. Reiter; K. Nieselt; B. Teßmann; M. Francken; K. Harvati; W. Haak; S. Schiffels; J. Krause (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 15694: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  14. ^ a b Vernimmen, Tim (30 October 2019). "Profiling the perpetrators of past plagues". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-102919-1. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  15. ^ Spyrou, Maria A.; Keller, Marcel; Tukhbatova, Rezeda I.; Scheib, Christiana L.; Nelson, Elizabeth A.; Andrades Valtueña, Aida; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Walker, Don; Alterauge, Amelie; Carty, Niamh; Cessford, Craig; Fetz, Hermann; Gourvennec, Michaël; Hartle, Robert; Henderson, Michael; von Heyking, Kristin; Inskip, Sarah A.; Kacki, Sacha; Key, Felix M.; Knox, Elizabeth L.; Later, Christian; Maheshwari-Aplin, Prishita; Peters, Joris; Robb, John E.; Schreiber, Jürgen; Kivisild, Toomas; Castex, Dominique; Lösch, Sandra; Harbeck, Michaela; Herbig, Alexander; Bos, Kirsten I.; Krause, Johannes (2 October 2019). "Phylogeography of the second plague pandemic revealed through analysis of historical Yersinia pestis genomes". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4470. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4470S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6775055. PMID 31578321.
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