Jinnah–Mountbatten talks

Jinnah–Mountbatten Talks
	Jinnah with the Mountbattens, circa. 1947
Context	Pertaining to resolve the Kashmir conflict
Sealed	1 November 1947
Negotiators	Muhammad Ali Jinnah; (Governor-General of Pakistan); Louis Mountbatten; (Governor-General of India)
Parties	Pakistan; India
Language	English

The Jinnah–Mountbatten talks were bilateral talks held in Lahore between the Governors-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Louis Mountbatten of Pakistan and India, to address the Kashmir dispute. The talks were held on 1 November 1947, five days after India dispatched its troops to defend the princely state of Kashmir(which was a Muslim majority state recently acceded to India) against a tribal invasion. In the talks, Mountbatten presented India's offer to hold an impartial plebiscite under the United Nations auspices to decide the accession of Kashmir. Jinnah effectively rejected the offer.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Background

Officially, the talks were to be held between the Governors-General and Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan at the state level, focused on the Kashmir dispute in November 1947.^[4] The British government originally facilitated the negotiations in New Delhi, but the venue of the meeting was changed to Lahore. Before the negotiations started, Prime Minister Nehru fell ill and his Deputy PM, Vallabhbhai Patel, refused to come to Lahore, stating "there was nothing to discuss with Pakistan's leadership."^[5]

Talks

On 1 November 1947, Louis Mountbatten left for Pakistan to begin talks between the Governors-General of India and Pakistan over the issue of Kashmir.^[6] The talks lasted for three-and-a-half hours, where Mountbatten offered to Jinnah that India would hold a plebiscite in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, provided that Pakistan withdrew its military support for the Azad Kashmir forces and their allies.^[7] Mountbatten also stipulated that the Indian Army would remain in the Kashmir Valley. Jinnah opposed the plan and claimed that the Kashmir, with its massive Muslim majority, belonged to Pakistan as an essential element in an incomplete partition process.^{[citation needed]}

Analysis

From the perspective of many authors, Jinnah was also convinced that a plebiscite under the supervision of the Indian Army would be sabotaged. Instead, he proposed an immediate and simultaneous withdrawal on both sides, including the Pakistani military and their allies, Pathan tribesmen, and the Indian troops.^[8]^{[failed verification]} Hearing the proposal, Mountbatten told Jinnah that he needed the consent of Nehru and Patel.^{[citation needed]} The talks failed to reach agreement and the Kashmir issue was referred to the United Nations.^[9]

References

^ Moore, Making the new Commonwealth 1987, p. 57.
^ Noorani, The Kashmir Dispute 2014, pp. 13–14.
^ Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, p. 111.
^ Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi [u.a.]: Allied Publ. ISBN 8170233690.
^ Singh, Iqbal (1992). Between two fires : towards an understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's foreign policy (1st publ. ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Longman. ISBN 812501585X.
^ Bhandari, M.C. (2006). Solving Kashmir. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 149. ISBN 8170621259.
^ Chitkara, M. G. (2003). Kashmir : LoC. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. Co. ISBN 8176484415.
^ Bajwa, Farooq (2013). From Kutch to Tashkent : the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 (1. publ. ed.). London, England: Hurst. ISBN 978-1849042307.
^ Behuria, Ashok (2013), "India–Pakistan relations and the Kashmir issue (1947–2009): A historical perspective", in Sagarika Dutt; Alok Bansal (eds.), South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses, Routledge, pp. 65–82, ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6

Bibliography

Moore, Robin James (1987), Making the new Commonwealth, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820112-0
Noorani, A. G. (2014) [first published in 2013 by Tulika Books], The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-940018-8
Raghavan, Srinath (2010), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7
Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan eye of the storm (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300101473.

External links

staff writers, el. al. (1 June 2003). "Jinnah – Mountbatten Talks". Story of Pakistan, Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
"Jinnah and Kashmir". AJK Government. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Zargar, Abdul Majid. "Jinnah-Mountbatten Talks on Kashmir". Current events. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

[FOOTNOTEMoore,_Making_the_new_Commonwealth198757-1] Moore, Making the new Commonwealth 1987, p. 57.

[FOOTNOTENoorani,_The_Kashmir_Dispute201413–14-2] Noorani, The Kashmir Dispute 2014, pp. 13–14.

[FOOTNOTERaghavan,_War_and_Peace_in_Modern_India2010111-3] Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India 2010, p. 111.

[Allied_Publ.-4] Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru : a biography (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi [u.a.]: Allied Publ. ISBN 8170233690.

[Orient_Longman-5] Singh, Iqbal (1992). Between two fires : towards an understanding of Jawaharlal Nehru's foreign policy (1st publ. ed.). Hyderabad: Orient Longman. ISBN 812501585X.

[Lancer_Publishers_&_Distributors-6] Bhandari, M.C. (2006). Solving Kashmir. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers & Distributors. p. 149. ISBN 8170621259.

[A.P.H._Publ._Co.-7] Chitkara, M. G. (2003). Kashmir : LoC. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. Co. ISBN 8176484415.

[Hurst-8] Bajwa, Farooq (2013). From Kutch to Tashkent : the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 (1. publ. ed.). London, England: Hurst. ISBN 978-1849042307.

[Behuria-9] Behuria, Ashok (2013), "India–Pakistan relations and the Kashmir issue (1947–2009): A historical perspective", in Sagarika Dutt; Alok Bansal (eds.), South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses, Routledge, pp. 65–82, ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6

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v t e Kashmir conflict
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Wars and conflicts	Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (media coverage)
Border skirmishes	2011 2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2016 Uri attack 2016 Baramulla attack 2016 Nagrota army base attack 2019 2020–2021 2023
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Negotiations	Jinnah–Mountbatten talks UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute Simla Agreement
Bombings and massacres	1947 Jammu massacres 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre Chittisinghpura massacre 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2001 Kishtwar massacre 2002 Raghunath temple attacks 2006 Srinagar bombings 2006 Doda massacre March 2013 Srinagar attack 2016 Uri attack 2017 Amarnath Yatra attack 2018 Sunjuwan attack 2019 Pulwama attack 2022 Srinagar bombing
Militant organisations	Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front Tehreek-e-Hurriyat Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Harkat ul-Ansar Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir) Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind Dukhtaran-e-Millat Islamic State – Khorasan Province Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir United Jihad Council
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Related	Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus Insurgency Human rights abuses OHCHR reports on Kashmir Rape Ikhwan Crowd control Stone pelting Peacebuilding Women's rights Over ground workers (OGWs) Village Defence Committees

v t e India–Pakistan relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commissioners of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi
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Incidents	1947 Amritsar train massacre Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948 Sino-Pakistan Agreement Trans-Karakoram Tract 1959 Canberra shootdown 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking Kashmir Singh Samba spy scandal Indian Airlines Flight 423 Ravindra Kaushik Pan Am Flight 73 Operation Brasstacks Sarabjit Singh Sanaullah Haq 1992 India–Pakistan floods 1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001–2002 standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes Khaleel Chishty 2013 border skirmishes 2014–2015 border skirmishes 2014 India–Pakistan floods 2014 Wagah border suicide attack Kulbhushan Jadhav 2016 Pathankot attack 2016 Uri attack 2016 Indian Line of Control strike 2016–2018 border skirmishes 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2019 Balakot airstrike 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes Media coverage 2020–2021 skirmishes 2021 Lahore bombing 2022 missile incident 2023 border skirmishes
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