James Balfour (planter)
James Balfour | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1777 |
| Died | 13 July 1841 (aged 63–64) |
| Occupation(s) | Planter, physician |
| Children | Harriët Balfour |
James Balfour (1777 – 13 July 1841) was a Scottish-born physician and planter. He worked as a doctor in Berbice and later became a plantation owner in Nickerie District. Harriët Balfour was his daughter with a slave. He requested Harriët's freedom the day before he died.
Biography
[edit]Balfour was born in 1777 in Dalgety, Fife, Scotland.[1] He became a medical doctor in Berbice which nowadays in Guyana.[2] As a physician, he used electric eels to cure rheumatism.[3] In 1816, he threw a plank into the Mission Chapel, New Amsterdam where slaves were being taught, and was sentenced for interruption of Divine service.[4] In 1818, he fathered his daughter Premiere with a slave. His daughter was later named Harriët.[2]
In 1819, Balfour started the sugar plantation Waterloo in Nickerie, Suriname.[5] The plantation became of one the biggest of the district, and a modern sugar factory was constructed on the grounds.[6] In 1821, he bought the wood plantation Berlijn, and wanted to transport the slaves to Waterloo. In Paramaribo, the slaves discovered their final destination, revolted, and escaped back to Berlijn. The government ruled that they could remain in Berlijn.[7] Between 1820 and 1842, Waterloo had the most escape attempts (31) of the District, and most complaints about maltreatment.[8]
August Kappler was German soldier who had enlisted in the Royal Netherlands Army. Later, he would become known as an author, naturalist, and founder of Albina.[9] During 1838, Kappler often visited Balfour, and noted that he was "an eccentric man of tremendous wealth, yet always wanting more."[10]: 152 Kappler also noted that he had never been married, and lived alone with his slave daughter who ran the household.[10]: 152–153 In November 1838, Kappler was sent on his first patrol to retrieve two escaped slaves from Waterloo.[10]: 161–162 The slaves had managed to reach British Guiana where a plantation owner graciously invited them to stay, only to return them to Nickerie.[10]: 169
On 12 July 1841, Balfour put in a request to free his daughter from slavery.[11] He died the next day.[2] Robert Kirke, his nephew, inherited his estate.[1] When Balfour died, his capital was valued at ƒ 312,000 (about €7.2 million in 2018[12]). He owned 845 slaves, and four plantations valued at ƒ 646,226 (about €14.9 million in 2018[12]).[13] Harriët Balfour was freed on 4 August 1841, at the age of 23.[2]
After Balfour's death, his body was embalmed and placed into a large stone tomb. The slaves had to walk past his grave on their way to work.[14] Once a year, the grave was opened and cleaned until Amin Sankar, the owner of Waterloo since 1936, ended the ceremony.[15] As of 2020, the sugar factory and tomb are hidden in the jungle.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "James Balfour of Surinam". Legacies of British Slavery. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d Lilian Pickering Neede. "Harriet Balfour (1818-58): Nickerie's Premiere". Burnt Island. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ Report of the twenty-ninth meeting of British Association of Science. London: John Murray. September 1859. p. 159.
- ^ David Alston. "Slaves and Highlanders". Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Plantages / W / Waterloo (Nickerierivier)". Suriname Plantages (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ R.Chander. "EEN KORTE SCHETS VAN DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN NICKERIE". Nickerie.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ Richard Franke (1971). "Economic circuits in a Surinam village". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. p. 160.
- ^ Doortje J. Swaters (2018). Tegen de grens van emancipatie. De ontwikkeling van slavernij in Nickerie, 1820-1842 (Thesis) (in Dutch). Radboud University Nijmegen. pp. 20 & Table 5.
- ^ Benjamins, Herman Daniël; Snelleman, Johannes (1917). Kappler (August) in Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 398.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d A. Kappler (1854). Zes jaren in Suriname (PDF) (in Dutch). Utrecht. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Gouvernments Secretarij". Surinaamsche courant (in Dutch). 14 July 1841. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ a b "Value of the Guilder versus Euro". International Institute of Social History. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ A.A. van Stipriaan (1993). Surinaams contrast. Caribbean Series (in Dutch). Vol. 13. Leiden: Brill. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-04-25979-9.
- ^ a b Alison Campsie (5 March 2020). "The eerie abandoned sugar plantation and its 'maniacal' Scots slave owner". The Scotsman. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ "De slag op de plantage Waterloo Dl.2". Kenneth Donk (in Dutch). 14 February 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2021.