Isoamyl alcohol

Isoamyl alcohol^[1]
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 3-Methylbutan-1-ol
	Other names 3-Methyl-1-butanol; Isopentyl alcohol; Isopentanol; Isobutylcarbinol
Identifiers
CAS Number	123-51-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:15837 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL372396 ;
ChemSpider	29000 ;
DrugBank	DB02296 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.213
KEGG	C07328 ;
PubChem CID	31260;
UNII	DEM9NIT1J4 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3025469 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H12O/c1-5(2)3-4-6/h5-6H,3-4H2,1-2H3 Key: PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H12O/c1-5(2)3-4-6/h5-6H,3-4H2,1-2H3 Key: PHTQWCKDNZKARW-UHFFFAOYAW;
	SMILES OCCC(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H12O
Molar mass	88.148 g/mol
Appearance	Clear, colorless liquid
Odor	Disagreeable odor in high concentrations
Density	0.8104 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Melting point	−117 °C (−179 °F; 156 K)
Boiling point	131.1 °C (268.0 °F; 404.2 K)
Solubility in water	Slightly soluble, 28 g/L
Solubility	Very soluble in acetone, diethyl ether, ethanol
Vapor pressure	28 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−68.96·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity	3.692 mPa·s
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	2.382 J/g·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−356.4 kJ/mol (liquid) ; −300.7 kJ/mol (gas)
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Flammable, moderately toxic
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H226, H302, H305, H315, H318, H332, H335
Precautionary statements	P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 2 0
Flash point	43 °C (109 °F; 316 K)
Autoignition; temperature	350 °C (662 °F; 623 K)
Explosive limits	1.2–9%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1453 mg/kg (rabbit, oral); 1300 mg/kg (rat, oral)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 100 ppm (360 mg/m3), ST 125 ppm (450 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	500 ppm
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Isoamyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with the formula C
₅H
₁₂O, specifically (H₃C–)₂CH–CH₂–CH₂–OH. It is one of several isomers of amyl alcohol (pentanol). It is also known as isopentyl alcohol, isopentanol, or (in the IUPAC recommended nomenclature) 3-methyl-butan-1-ol. An obsolete name for it was isobutyl carbinol.^[5]

Isoamyl alcohol is an ingredient in the production of banana oil, an ester found in nature and also produced as a flavouring in industry. It is a common fusel alcohol, produced as a major by-product of ethanol fermentation.

Occurrence

Isoamyl alcohol is one of the components of the aroma of Tuber melanosporum, the black truffle.

Fusel alcohols like isoamyl alcohol are grain fermentation byproducts, and therefore trace amounts of isoamyl are present in many alcoholic beverages.

The compound has also been identified as a chemical in the pheromone used by hornets to attract other members of the hive to attack.^[6]

Extraction from fusel oil

Isoamyl alcohol can be separated from fusel oil by either of two methods: shaking with strong brine solution and separating the oily layer from the brine layer; distilling it and collecting the fraction that boils between 125 and 140 °C. Further purification is possible with this procedure: shaking the product with hot limewater, separating the oily layer, drying the product with calcium chloride, and distilling it, collecting the fraction boiling between 128 and 132 °C.^[5]

Synthesis

Isoamyl alcohol can be synthesized by condensation of isobutene and formaldehyde which produces isoprenol, then hydrogenation. It is a colourless liquid of density 0.8247 g/cm³ (0 °C), boiling at 131.6 °C, slightly soluble in water, and easily dissolved in organic solvents. It has a characteristic strong smell and a sharp burning taste. On passing the vapour through a red-hot tube, it decomposes into acetylene, ethylene, propylene, and other compounds. It is oxidized by chromic acid to isovaleraldehyde, and it forms addition compounds crystals with calcium chloride and tin(IV) chloride.^[5]

Uses

Besides its use in the synthesis of banana oil, isoamyl alcohol is also an ingredient of Kovac's reagent, used for the bacterial diagnostic indole test.

It is also used as an antifoaming agent in the chloroform isoamyl alcohol reagent.^[7]

Isoamyl alcohol is used in a phenol–chloroform extraction mixed with the chloroform to further inhibit RNase activity and prevent solubility of RNAs with long tracts of poly-adenine.^[8]

Drugs

IAA is also used as the reactant in the synthesis of the following list of drugs:

References

^ Lide, David R., ed. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3–374, 5–42, 6–188, 8–102, 15–22. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
^ Straka, M.; van Genderen, A.; Růžička, K.; Růžička, V. Heat Capacities in the Solid and in the Liquid Phase of Isomeric Pentanols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 794-802.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0348". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Isoamyl alcohol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b ^c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amyl Alcohols". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 900.
^ Wilson, Calum & Davies, Noel & Corkrey, Ross & J. Wilson, Annabel & M. Mathews, Alison & C. Westmore, Guy. (2017). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis determines association of individual potato foliage volatiles with onion thrips preference, cultivar and plant age. PLOS ONE. 12. e0181831. 10.1371/journal.pone.0181831.
^ Zumbo, P. "Phenol-chloroform Extraction" (PDF). WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE P. ZUMBO LABORATORY OF CHRISTOPHER E. MASON, PH.D. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ Green, Michael; Sambrook, Joseph. "Purification of Nucleic Acids: Extraction with Phenol-Chloroform". Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 1936113422.

[hand-1] Lide, David R., ed. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3–374, 5–42, 6–188, 8–102, 15–22. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.

[2] Straka, M.; van Genderen, A.; Růžička, K.; Růžička, V. Heat Capacities in the Solid and in the Liquid Phase of Isomeric Pentanols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2007, 52, 794-802.

[PGCH-3] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0348". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[4] "Isoamyl alcohol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[EB1911-5] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amyl Alcohols". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 900.

[6] Wilson, Calum & Davies, Noel & Corkrey, Ross & J. Wilson, Annabel & M. Mathews, Alison & C. Westmore, Guy. (2017). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis determines association of individual potato foliage volatiles with onion thrips preference, cultivar and plant age. PLOS ONE. 12. e0181831. 10.1371/journal.pone.0181831.

[7] Zumbo, P. "Phenol-chloroform Extraction" (PDF). WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE P. ZUMBO LABORATORY OF CHRISTOPHER E. MASON, PH.D. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

[8] Green, Michael; Sambrook, Joseph. "Purification of Nucleic Acids: Extraction with Phenol-Chloroform". Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 1936113422.

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