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Isaria cicadae

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Isaria cicadae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Cordycipitaceae
Genus: Isaria
Species:
I. cicadae
Binomial name
Isaria cicadae
Isaria cicadae Miq., Bull. Sci. phys. nat. Néerl.: 85 (1838)
This range map depicts global occurrences of Isaria cicadae and synonymous species including Cordyceps cicadae Shing and Massee, and Paecilomyces cicadae.
Synonyms
  • Cordyceps cicadae (Miq.) Massee 1895
  • Cordyceps cicadae S.Z. Shing 1975
  • Paecilomyces cicadae (Miq.) Samson (1974)

Isaria cicadae is an ascomycete fungus that parasitizes cicada larvae.[1] It forms white and yellow asexual fruiting structures resembling synnema.[2] While mostly being found throughout Asia in warm, humid regions, it has been found on various other continents.[3] It is known in Traditional Chinese Medicine as Chan Hua and commonly called “cicada flower.”[4] Its medicinal uses date back to the fifth century AD in China.[5] It can also be used in various foods and tonics.[6]

Taxonomy

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Isaria cicadae is thought to be a cryptic species because of how many different species names have been attributed to it and the controversy over what the correct species name is. I. cicadae was originally described as Isaria cicadae Miq. by Miquel in 1838 until he synonymized it with C. cicadae in 1895. Paecilomyces cicadae was synonymized with C. cicadae in 1974 by Samson. Soon after, S.Z. Shing described the species again as Cordyceps cicadae Shing in 1975, but these are all thought to be generally synonymous. C. cicadae and I. cicadae are both often used in the literature.[3] I. cicadae is thought to be the most current name for the species, although the true taxonomy is still in flux. Other reported synonyms include Cordyceps zhejiangensis[1], C. sobolifera, C. sinclairii[2].

Description

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Isaria cicadae forms its fruiting structures on the surface of its host, a cicada nymph.[7] The fruiting structure can either cover the entire nymph body or only partially cover it.[3] Sexual structures are not produced on these fruiting structures.[2] Much more information is known about the asexual morph of this fungus because the sexual morph has been reportedly observed once in nature and never in the lab.[3] Its asexual fruiting structures are synnema-like and produce conidiophores and conidia.[2] The fruiting bodies have yellow stalk-looking structures with a white-ish, fluffy tip where the conidiophores are located.  

Ecology

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Isaria cicadae is an entomogenous fungi that parasitizes the nymphs of its cicada hosts and forms fruiting structures on the surface.[8] These fruiting structures are produced from June–August, and they protrude from the nymph, up through the soil after the fungus kills it. Asexual means of reproduction occur once temperatures rise following sclerotium development and is done so through conidia, dispersed by air and water.[3] It is said that this fungal species is rare and scarce because it propagates slowly and lacks resistance.[7] This could also be due to the fact that it is largely asexual and clonal in nature, as sexual structures have yet to be reliably observed in lab or in nature. Despite this, there is evidence supporting that it is heterothallic being that a study found a truncated MAT1-1-1 type found in the MAT1-2 locus that is not due to asexual fruiting.[2]

Its genome has been sequenced and found to be 33.9Mb including serine proteases and chintinases which target host tissues and are characteristic of other entomopathogenic fungi. The fungus also produces metabolites such as beauvericins and oosporein which have non-selective insecticidal properties. This would suggest that the fungus could infect more than one host, but this has only been seen in the lab on silkworm pupae and beetle wings.[2]

Life cycle

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The life cycle of Cordyceps cicadae (synonymous with I. cicadae) in southern China as observed and described by Zha, Ling-Sheng et al. in 2019 follows. During mid-late summer, conidia of I. cicadae attach to the surface of a cicada nymph’s body within the soil which germinate and form germ tubes that can penetrate below the surface and form hyphae. After two to three days of absorbing the cicada’s nutrients and reproducing, they can occupy the entire body. Hyphae turn to mycelia which cause the nymph to die from absorbing water and nutrients and producing mycotoxins. After the nymph is killed, the fungus forms a sclerotium and produce antibiotics to keep the body from rotting. When temperatures rise again, either that year or the following, mycelia are produced once more to form synnemata that eventually break through the soil to grow above ground. The synnema branches to form multiple conidiophores and chained conidia. The conidia are dispersed by air or water, leading them back to the soil, where they use water flow to infiltrate the soil until they make contact with another nymph and infect.[3]

Habitat and distribution

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Isaria cicadae is found in warm, humid, low-elevational regions (below 2,500m), on cicada nymphs in sunny soils. Habitats that fit these criteria include bamboo, broad-leaved, coniferous, and broad-leaved mixed forests.[2] They are mostly found in China, but have also been found throughout Asia,[9] Europe, and North America,[10] with some studies showing other continents as well.[3] 

Medicinal properties

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Isaria cicadae/C. cicadae is one of the oldest, most valued and well-known forms of Traditional Chinese Medicine, dating back to the fifth century AD.[5] When used as a medicine, it is referred to as Chan Hua.[11] Many of its medicinal properties relate it to the more commonly used Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris, making it a potential substitute for these highly sought after medicinal fungi.[12] Obstacles to using I. cicadae on a larger scale alongside its relatives C. sinensis and C. militaris include its scarcity and its cryptic taxonomy which make it difficult to study, cultivate, and harvest.[13][2] It has been shown to be helpful for a multitude of health issues and concerns and nonsignificant toxicity has been reported meaning it is thought to be safe to use as treatment.[1] On the other hand, oosporein, which is produced by the fungus, has been shown to cause issues in some species including birds[14] and chickens,[15] canines.[16] Oxalic acid also produced by the fungus could be cause for kidney stone disease in high levels.[17]

Putative active functions

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Medicinal uses and treatments

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Other uses

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  • Improving eyesight, removing eye cloudiness
  • Neuroprotection
  • Promoting eruption[1]
  • Liver and kidney protection
  • Blood fat reduction [7]

Chemical constituents

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Chemicals isolated from I. cicadae/ C. cicadae include nucleotides and nucleosides, sterols (ergosterol, mannitol), cyclic dipeptides, sugars, polysaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, aromatic compounds, galactomannan, adenosine, uridine, inosine, guanosine, cyclopeptides, myriocin, and inorganic elements.[21][22][23][18][24][25]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Nxumalo, Winston; Elateeq, Ahmed Abdelfattah; Sun, Yanfang (2020). "Can Cordyceps cicadae be used as an alternative to Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis? – A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 257: 112879. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112879. PMID 32305637. S2CID 216029199.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Lu, Yuzhen; Luo, Feifei; Cen, Kai; Xiao, Guohua; Yin, Ying; Li, Chunru; Li, Zengzhi; Zhan, Shuai; Zhang, Huizhan; Wang, Chengshu (2017). "Omics data reveal the unusual asexual-fruiting nature and secondary metabolic potentials of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae". BMC Genomics. 18 (1): 668. doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4060-4. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 5577849. PMID 28854898.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g WEN, TING-CHI; XIAO, YUAN-PIN; HAN, YAN-FENG; HUANG, SHI-KE; ZHA, LING-SHENG; HYDE, KEVIN D.; KANG, JI-CHUAN (2017-03-28). "Multigene phylogeny and morphology reveal that the Chinese medicinal mushroom 'Cordyceps gunnii' is Metacordyceps neogunnii sp. nov". Phytotaxa. 302 (1): 27. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.302.1.2. ISSN 1179-3163. S2CID 90870374.
  4. ^ Chunyu, Yan-Jie; Lu, Zhen-Ming; Luo, Zhi-Shan; Li, Shuo-Shuo; Li, Hui; Geng, Yan; Xu, Hong-Yu; Xu, Zheng-Hong; Shi, Jin-Song (2019-07-12). "Promotion of Metabolite Synthesis in Isaria cicadae, a Dominant Species in the Cicada Flower Microbiota, by Cicada Pupae". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67 (31): 8476–8484. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02705. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 31298527. S2CID 199635881.
  5. ^ a b Li, I-Chen; Lin, Shan; Tsai, Yueh-Ting; Hsu, Jui-Hsia; Chen, Yen-Lien; Lin, Wen-Hsin; Chen, Chin-Chu (2018-08-13). "Cordyceps cicadae mycelia and its active compound HEA exert beneficial effects on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic db/db mice". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 99 (2): 606–612. doi:10.1002/jsfa.9221. ISSN 0022-5142. PMID 29952113. S2CID 49484322.
  6. ^ Tian, Juanjuan; Zhang, Cangping; Wang, Xiaomeng; Rui, Xin; Zhang, Qiuqin; Chen, Xiaohong; Dong, Mingsheng; Li, Wei (2021). "Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of intracellular polysaccharide from the mycelium of Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213". Food Research International. 147: 110515. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110515. PMID 34399493.
  7. ^ a b c Li, Ling; Zhang, Tong; Li, Chunru; Xie, Lu; Li, Ning; Hou, Tianling; Wang, Yuqin; Wang, Bing (2018-12-19). "Potential therapeutic effects of Cordyceps cicadae and Paecilomyces cicadae on adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats and their phytochemical analysis". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 13: 103–117. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S180543. PMC 6304081. PMID 30587931.
  8. ^ Fan, Wen-Wen; Zhang, Shu; Zhang, Yong-Jie (2019-01-28). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chan-hua fungus Isaria cicadae: a tale of intron evolution in Cordycipitaceae". Environmental Microbiology. 21 (2): 864–879. Bibcode:2019EnvMi..21..864F. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14522. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 30623556. S2CID 58539147.
  9. ^ Sun, Yan-fang; Kmonickova, Eva; Han, Rui-lian; Zhou, Wei; Yang, Kai-bao; Lu, Hong-fei; Wang, Zhang-qi; Zhao, Hongxin; Wang, Huigang (2019). "Comprehensive evaluation of wild Cordyceps cicadae from different geographical origins by TOPSIS method based on the macroscopic infrared spectroscopy (IR) fingerprint". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 214: 252–260. Bibcode:2019AcSpA.214..252S. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.031. PMID 30785045. S2CID 73458179.
  10. ^ Olatunji, Opeyemi J.; Feng, Yan; Olatunji, Oyenike O.; Tang, Jian; Ouyang, Zhen; Su, Zhaoliang; Wang, Dujun; Yu, Xiaofeng (2016). "Neuroprotective effects of adenosine isolated from Cordyceps cicadae against oxidative and ER stress damages induced by glutamate in PC12 cells". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 44: 53–61. Bibcode:2016EnvTP..44...53O. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2016.02.009. ISSN 1382-6689. PMID 27114365.
  11. ^ Ke, Bo-Jun; Lee, Chun-Lin (2018). "Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium prevents CCl 4 -induced hepatic fibrosis in BALB/c mice via inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines". Journal of Functional Foods. 43: 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.010. ISSN 1756-4646.
  12. ^ a b Zeng, Wen-Bo; Yu, Hong; Ge, Feng; Yang, Jun-Yuan; Chen, Zi-Hong; Wang, Yuan-Bing; Dai, Yong-Dong; Adams, Alison (2014-05-14). "Distribution of Nucleosides in Populations of Cordyceps cicadae". Molecules. 19 (5): 6123–6141. doi:10.3390/molecules19056123. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6271799. PMID 24830714.
  13. ^ Paterson, R. Russell M. (2008). "Cordyceps – A traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?". Phytochemistry. 69 (7): 1469–1495. Bibcode:2008PChem..69.1469P. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027. ISSN 0031-9422. PMC 7111646. PMID 18343466.
  14. ^ PEGRAM, R.A.; WYATT, R.D. (1981). "Avian Gout Caused by Oosporein, a Mycotoxin Produced by Chaetomium trilaterale". Poultry Science. 60 (11): 2429–2440. doi:10.3382/ps.0602429. ISSN 0032-5791. PMID 7329919.
  15. ^ MANNING, R.O.; WYATT, R.D. (1984). "Comparative Toxicity of Chaetomium Contaminated Corn and Various Chemical Forms of Oosporein in Broiler Chicks". Poultry Science. 63 (2): 251–259. doi:10.3382/ps.0630251. ISSN 0032-5791. PMID 6709565.
  16. ^ Ramesha, Alurappa; Venkataramana, M.; Nirmaladevi, Dhamodaran; Gupta, Vijai K.; Chandranayaka, S.; Srinivas, Chowdappa (2015-09-01). "Cytotoxic effects of oosporein isolated from endophytic fungus Cochliobolus kusanoi". Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 870. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00870. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 4556033. PMID 26388840.
  17. ^ Robertson, W. G. (2015-12-08). "Dietary recommendations and treatment of patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium stone disease". Urolithiasis. 44 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1007/s00240-015-0849-2. ISSN 2194-7228. PMID 26645870. S2CID 7468947.
  18. ^ a b c Weng, Shu-Cheng; Chou, Cheng-Jen; Lin, Lie-Chwen; Tsai, Wei-Jern; Kuo, Yuh-Chi (2002). "Immunomodulatory functions of extracts from the Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83 (1–2): 79–85. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00212-x. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 12413710.
  19. ^ Zhu, Rong; Chen, Yi-ping; Deng, Yue-yi; Zheng, Rong; Zhong, Yi-fei; Wang, Lin; Du, Lan-ping (2011). "Cordyceps cicadae extracts ameliorate renal malfunction in a remnant kidney model". Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 12 (12): 1024–1033. doi:10.1631/jzus.b1100034. ISSN 1673-1581. PMC 3232436. PMID 22135152.
  20. ^ Seong, Da Bin; Hong, Semie; Muthusami, Sridhar; Kim, Won-Dong; Yu, Jae-Ran; Park, Woo-Yoon (2016). "Cordycepin increases radiosensitivity in cervical cancer cells by overriding or prolonging radiation-induced G2/M arrest". European Journal of Pharmacology. 771: 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.022. ISSN 0014-2999. PMID 26688569.
  21. ^ Li, S.P.; Yang, F.Q.; Tsim, Karl W.K. (2006). "Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 41 (5): 1571–1584. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.046. ISSN 0731-7085. PMID 16504449.
  22. ^ Sun, Yan-fang; Sun, Yang; Wang, Zhi-an; Han, Rui-lian; Lu, Hong-fei; Zhang, Jia-lei; Liu, Hong-tao; Wang, Shi-xian; Wang, Pan; Dian, Lu-lu; Liang, Zong-suo (2017-10-02). "Isaria cicadae conidia possess antiproliferative and inducing apoptosis properties in gynaecological carcinoma cells". Mycology. 8 (4): 327–334. doi:10.1080/21501203.2017.1386243. ISSN 2150-1203. PMC 6059127. PMID 30123653.
  23. ^ Yang, F.Q.; Guan, J.; Li, S.P. (2007-09-15). "Fast simultaneous determination of 14 nucleosides and nucleobases in cultured Cordyceps using ultra-performance liquid chromatography". Talanta. 73 (2): 269–273. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.03.034. ISSN 0039-9140. PMID 19073027.
  24. ^ Yu, Jiawen; Xu, Hongjuan; Mo, Zhihong; Zhu, Huali; Mao, Xianbing (2009). "Determination of Myriocin in Natural and Cultured Cordyceps cicadae Using 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate Derivatization and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV-Detection". Analytical Sciences. 25 (7): 855–859. doi:10.2116/analsci.25.855. ISSN 0910-6340. PMID 19609022. S2CID 19555532.
  25. ^ Wang, Jia-hui; Zhang, Zhong-liang; Wang, Yu-qin; Yang, Min; Wang, Chun-hua; Li, Xu-wen; Guo, Yue-wei (2017). "Chemical Constituents from Mycelia and Spores of Fungus Cordyceps cicadae". Chinese Herbal Medicines. 9 (2): 188–192. doi:10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60094-7. ISSN 1674-6384.
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