Isaiah 34

Isaiah 34
Isaiah 34
← chapter 33 chapter 35 →
	The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
Book	Book of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	5
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	23

Isaiah 34 is the thirty-fourth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.^[1] This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets.^[2] The Jerusalem Bible groups chapters 28-35 together as a collection of "poems on Israel and Judah",^[3] although this chapter is addressed to all nations and to Edom in particular.

Text

The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., the Isaiah Scroll (1Qlsa^a; complete; 356-100 BCE^[4]), and of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).^[5]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\mathfrak {G}}$ ^Q; 6th century).^[6]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.^[7] Isaiah 34 is a part of the Prophecies about Judah and Israel (Isaiah 24 –35). {S}: closed parashah.

{S} 34:1-17 {S}

Judgment on the nations (34:1–4)

Verses 1—4 give a horrifying picture of cosmic disaster that brings to an end not just enemy nations but also the 'host of heaven' and the skies.^[8]

Verse 1

Come near, ye nations, to hear; and hearken, ye people:

let the earth hear, and all that is therein;

the world, and all things that come forth of it.^[9]

This introductory summons recalls Psalm 49:1, painting a picture of cosmic disaster in a way of an apocalypse.^[8]

Judgment on Edom (34:5–17)

Starting verse 5, the judgment is specifically for Edom, who according to the tradition of Genesis 25:29–34, should have seen with Israel as brothers, but ending up having a bitter hatred with one another.^[10]

Verse 10

It shall not be quenched night nor day;

the smoke thereof shall go up for ever:

from generation to generation it shall lie waste;

none shall pass through it for ever and ever.^[11]

"Quenched": from the Hebrew root: k-b-h (כבה, kabah, "to be quenched or extinguished, to go out"^[12]), is also used in Isaiah 1:31 and 66:24 for: "the fire that shall not be quenched"; of the servant in 42:3, that "a dimly burning wick ('smoking flax') he will not quench"; as well as in 43:17: 'those who oppose the LORD'S path are "quenched like a wick"'.^[13]

Verse 14

The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the jackals,

And the wild goat shall bleat to its companion;

Also the night creature shall rest there,

And find for herself a place of rest.^[14]

"Jackals" (KJV: "the wild beasts of the island"): literally, "howling creatures"^[15]
"Night creature" (KJV: "screech owl"): translated from Hebrew: לִילִית, lilith,^[16] in this context certainly refers to 'some type of wild animal or bird', and appears to be related to לַיְלָה, laylah (meaning "night"). Some interpret it as the name of a female night demon, on the basis of an apparent Akkadian cognate used as the name of a demon. Later Jewish legends also identified "Lilith" as a demon.^[17]

References

^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
^ Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume VI. Nashville: Abingdon.
^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), Isaiah section E: Poems on Israel and Judah
^ Jull, Timothy A. J.; Donahue, Douglas J.; Broshi, Magen; Tov, Emanuel (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 14. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
^ As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
^ ^a ^b Coggins 2007, p. 461.
^ Isaiah 34:1 KJV
^ Coggins 2007, p. 462.
^ Isaiah 34:10 KJV
^ Strong's Concordance 3518. כָּבָה kabah
^ Coggins 2007, p. 436.
^ Isaiah 34:14 NKJV
^ Note [a] on Isaiah 34:14 in NKJV
^ Note [b] on Isaiah 34:14 in NKJV
^ Note [c] on Isaiah 34:14 in NET Bible

Sources

Coggins, R (2007). "22. Isaiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

Isaiah 34 Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

Isaiah 34 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

[Holman-1] Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.

[Hiebert-2] Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume VI. Nashville: Abingdon.

[3] Jerusalem Bible (1966), Isaiah section E: Poems on Israel and Judah

[4] Jull, Timothy A. J.; Donahue, Douglas J.; Broshi, Magen; Tov, Emanuel (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 14. Retrieved 11 July 2017.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199535–37-5] Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.

[FOOTNOTEWürthwein199573–74-6] Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.

[7] As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.

[FOOTNOTECoggins2007461-8] Coggins 2007, p. 461.

[9] Isaiah 34:1 KJV

[FOOTNOTECoggins2007462-10] Coggins 2007, p. 462.

[11] Isaiah 34:10 KJV

[12] Strong's Concordance 3518. כָּבָה kabah

[FOOTNOTECoggins2007436-13] Coggins 2007, p. 436.

[14] Isaiah 34:14 NKJV

[15] Note [a] on Isaiah 34:14 in NKJV

[16] Note [b] on Isaiah 34:14 in NKJV

[17] Note [c] on Isaiah 34:14 in NET Bible

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