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Iris barnumiae

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Iris barnumiae
Illustration of the iris found in Turkey, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Iran, by Matilda Smith from Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol.115 (series 3) in 1889
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Oncocyclus
Species:
I. barnumiae
Binomial name
Iris barnumiae
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

Description

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It has slender rhizomes,[2][3][4] which are up to 1 cm in diameter.[5] They do not have stolons,[5] and new growths of rhizomes, are on the sides of the old rhizomes.[2] They form tufts,[5] and spreading plants.[3][6]

It has pale glaucous green,[2][7] narrow leaves,[8]: 190  that can grow up to between 15 and 20 cm (6 and 8 in) long,[2][4] and between 0.5 and 0.7 cm wide.[4][9] The leaves all die in the summer after the flowers have bloomed, then re-appear next season.[4][10] The foliage is very similar to Iris iberica (another Oncocyclus section iris),[3][4] but it is less falcate,[3][5] (or sickle-shaped).[10]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to between 10 and 40 cm (4 and 16 in) tall.[2][11][12]

The stem has spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are 6 cm (2 in) long and are green but flushed with purple at the ends. They stay green after the flower has faded.[2]

The stems hold terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming mid to late spring,[9][13] between May and June.[2][7][14]

The fragrant flowers,[2] (similar to Lily of the Valley scent,[3]) are 7–8 cm (3–3 in) in diameter.[3][4][6] They are smaller than Iris iberica,[3] and come in shades of purple,[4][9][14] from red-purple,[2][12] mulberry,[15] to deep purple,[7] to purplish-violet.[16] There are yellow forms,[3][5][17] which are known as Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis and brownish-purple in I. barnumiae f. protonyma.[7]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[8]: 17  The falls are obovate or cuneate (oval or wedge shaped), 2 in (51 mm) long and 1 in (25 mm) wide.[2] They have a small,[9] darker signal area,[4][12][16] of almost black purple,[3][15] and (unlike other Oncocyclus Irises) has no veining.[5][9][11] In the middle of the falls, is a narrow row of short hairs called the 'beard', which are white, cream,[7] or yellow, tipped with purple.[2][4][9] The larger and paler standards,[3][11] are obovate or orbicular (oval or round shaped), 3 in (76 mm) long and 2.5 in (64 mm) wide.[2]

It has a horizontal,[2][3] style branch that is 1 in (25 mm) long and reddish,[2] or brownish-yellow,[3] with red-purple dots or spots. It has triangular crests.[2][3] The perianth tube is a similar length to the ovary.[2] The pollen (of the iris) has been counted as 108 microns (between 93 and 125).[18]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, that has not been described.

Biochemistry

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A study was carried out in 2013, to find out what oils are contained in the rhizomes of various irises in Syria, including Iris germanica, I. barnumae, Iris bostrensis and in Iris auranitica. It found myristic acid, lauric acid, decanoic acid (capric acid), palmitic acid and methyl ester.[citation needed]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8] It has a chromosome count: 2n=20,[5][10][16] first counted by Marc Simonet in 1934,[3] and then by Avishai & Zohary in 1977.[19]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Latin specific epithet barnumiae refers to Mrs Barnum of the American Mission at Kharput, 1887.[3][20] She was the wife of Dr Herman W. Barnum.[21] She sent specimens of the iris to Sir Michael Foster from north-eastern Asia Minor, near Lake Urumiah (in Azerbaijan).[11]

The iris was first published and also described by Sir Michael Foster and John Gilbert Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (New Series) Vol.60 on page 142 on 18 August 1888,[3][22] as Iris barnumi.[23]

It was also published in 1889, in 'Gardener's Chronicle' Vol.5 page 291,[24] then in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol.115 on tab.7050 with a colour illustration,[3][9] in and then by Baker in 'Handbook of Iridaceae' (Handb.Irid.) Vol.21 in 1892.[22] Baker also placed the Iris, within the Regalia Section.[3] After this time, it was renamed as 'Iris barnumae'.

Then in 'The Garden' (magazine), page133 on 18 February 1893, Mr Foster disputed the placing of the iris within Regalia and placed it alongside Iris Iberica (within the Oncocyclus Section).[3] Chromosomal counts in 1977 then confirmed this.[19]

After the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 for IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy). The ICN was ratified.[23] It stated that plants named after people (such as Rosa × toddii (Wolley-Dod in J. Bot. 69, Suppl.: 106. 1931) which was named after “Miss E. S. Todd”; the epithet is to be spelled toddiae.[25] Hence, the iris became Iris barnumiae.[23] But it is still often referred to as 'I. barnumae'.[26][27]

It was verified as 'Iris barnumiae' by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 8 June 2000 and then changed on 21 May 2013.[23]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life,[28] and in the Catalogue of Life as 'Iris barnumiae'.[29]

Evolution and phylogeny

[edit]

It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae ssp. demavendica and two forms I. barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and I. barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo.[1][3] Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form.[5]

I. barnumae subsp. barnumiae f. urmiensis It is an accepted name by the RHS,[30] while 'I. barnumiae f. protonyma' is listed as 'unchecked'.[31]

I. barnumae subsp. barnumiae f. urmiensis was originally Iris urmiensis and it was published and described by Hoog (1865–1950) in 'Gardener's Chronicle' (series 2) in 1900 on page373.[32]

It was then published in The Garden (magazine) 17 November 1900,[2] then in the Botanical Magazine 7784 in 1901.[9]

It has 4 known synonyms, Iris barnumiae var. urmiensis (Hoog) Dykes, Iris chrysantha Baker, Iris polakii f. urmiensis (Hoog) Stapf. and Iris urmiensis Hoog.[11][33]

It was named after Lake Urumiah in Persia.[2][3][11] Although, plants are normally found on the mountains of Turkey, Iran,[9][12][14] or Iraq.[14] It is thought that the northern populations of the I. barnumiae are mostly the urmiensis form.[5]

A specimen was collected by James C. Archibald in Iran on 23 May 1966 at 2,070 m (6,790 ft) above sea level. It is now stored in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.[34]

It was later re-classified as a form of I. barnumiae by Mathew and Wendelbo in Flora Iranica (Rechinger, K. H., edition of) Vol.112 on page35 in 1975.[9][35]

It has a similar plant form to Iris iberica, with similar rhizomes and a plant height,[2] of between 15 and 40 cm (6 and 16 in) tall.[12] But it has yellow flowers,[3][9][11] that are fragranced. It also has falls that are much smaller than the standards and have an orange beard but no signal patch (on the falls), the standards are 2in high and nearly 1.5in in diameter.[2] Sometimes the beard is thought to be more straggly than I. barnumiae.[3] The pollen of the flowers are 92 microns wide (between 80 and 103).[18]

It is often misnamed as 'Iris urmiensis'.[15][36] Some authors consider it a separate species.[14]

I. barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo was published and described in 'Flora Iranica' Vol.112 on page 34 in 1975, as I. polakii f. protonyma.[37] I. polakii f. protonyma was later classed as a synonym of I. barnumiae f. protonyma.[38]

It has brownish-purple flowers with short, glaucous green leaves.[7]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

It is native to temperate Asia.[22][23]

Range

[edit]

It (and the various forms) are found between Armenia,[22][39][40] Azerbaijan,[11][14][41] Iran,[27][42] [43] Iraq,[9][23][42] and Turkey.[18][19][42]

Within Iran, it and other geophytes, (such as Allium capitellatum, Gagea alexeenokoana and Gagea glacialis) make up 6% of the alpine flora.[26]

Habitat

[edit]

It grows on the dry and stony hills,[7][10] or sub-alpine slopes,[27] or steppes.[14]

They can be found at an altitude of up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level.[7]

Conservation

[edit]

Due to the attractive flowers, they are vulnerable from picking by locals and walkers.[4]

The iris is listed as 'rare' in Iraq,[44] within the Zagros Mountains range, along with another endemic species Tragopogon rechingeri.[45]

Cultivation

[edit]

It is hardy to European H4,[9] (meaning that it is hardy to −5 to −10 °C (or 23 to 14 °F).[46] |Although, it needs habitats that have dry summers,[4][10] it is considered one of the least demanding of the Oncocyclus section.[6]

For the UK, the iris is better grown within an alpine house,[7] within a raised bed,[47] in a sunny position.[13] It should be filled with 1/3 old mortar rubble,[48] and loam,[7] to provide a well drained, and fertile soil,[7][13] that allows the roots to not sit in water, that would rot them.[4]

It is suggested that the best time to be planted is in October.[11]

The iris is commercial available in specialist seed exchanges or a few iris nurseries.[10]

Propagation

[edit]

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[49] or by seed growing.[47] Every three years, the clumps of irises are normally divided, as the plants are highly likely to get bacterial rot if they suffer any moisture or humidity. They are best re-planted in late September when temperatures are low and humidity is also low. This is also when the plants generate root and shoot growth.[47] Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[50]

Hybrids and cultivars

[edit]

Known I. barnumae cultivars include 'Barnumae Mariae', 'Demavendica', 'Jewel At Midnight', 'Polakii', 'Protonyma', 'Urmiensis' and 'Zenobiae'.[3]

Toxicity

[edit]

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[51]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904), p. 105-106, at Google Books
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Black, John (20 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris barnumae Fos. & Bak". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 66, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 69. ISBN 978-0715305393.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Iris barnumae barnumae". rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  10. ^ a b c d e f Rivera, Cindy (22 April 2006). "Iris barnumae". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  13. ^ a b c "Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae". kevockgarden.co.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 109, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b c Price, Molly (1973). The Iris Book. Dover Publications. p. 79. ISBN 9780486215228.
  16. ^ a b c "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  17. ^ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  18. ^ a b c Donmez, Emel Oybak; Islk, Serap (2008). "Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixioliriaceae and Iridaceae". Grana. 47 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1080/00173130701860104. S2CID 85120306.
  19. ^ a b c Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette. 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR 2473887. S2CID 84941000.
  20. ^ David Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 66, at Google Books
  21. ^ "Snow, Lydia Vose Buck (1820–1887). Collection of family papers, 1851-1890s". congregationallibrary.org. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  22. ^ a b c d "Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "Iris barnumiae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  24. ^ "The Gardeners Chronicle : a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, Vol. 5, 1889". 1889. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  25. ^ "CHAPTER IX. Orthography and gender of names, SECTION 1. Orthography, Article 60". iapt-taxon.org. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  26. ^ a b Rina Kamenetsky and Hiroshi Okubo (editors) Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production (2013), p. 62, at Google Books
  27. ^ a b c Carsten Hobohm (Editor)Endemism in Vascular Plants (2014), p. 259, at Google Books
  28. ^ "Iris barnumiae". eol.org. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  29. ^ "Iris barnumiae subsp. barnumiae (accepted name)". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  30. ^ "Iris barnumae subsp. barnumae f. urmiensis". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  31. ^ "Iris barnumae f. protonyma". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  32. ^ "Iridaceae Iris urmiensis Hoog". ipni.org. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  33. ^ "Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Filed as Iris urmiensis Hoog [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. 23 May 1966. Retrieved 11 June 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ Black, John (30 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris demavendica Bornm". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  36. ^ Ward, Bobby J. (January 2005). "Plants Without Borders: Modern-Day Plant Hunters". The Rock Garden (114). Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  37. ^ "Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". ipni.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  38. ^ "Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  39. ^ Aşur, F.; Alp, S. (2011). "Determination of Possible Areas of Usage of Irises With Rhizome in Van And Its Environs in Plantation Works of Landscape Architecture". Acta Horticulturae. 886 (886): 299–305. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.886.42. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  40. ^ "Wild flowers of Lake Van" (PDF). petentour.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  41. ^ Patricia L. Baker, Hilary Smith, Maria Oleynik Iran (4th Edition, 2014), p. 5, at Google Books
  42. ^ a b c Klečková, Jana (17 January 2012). "Irises important garden IV. – Aril irises hybrids and hřebínkaté" (in Czech). zahradawb.cz. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  43. ^ Ekrami, Alireza (2013). "Plant species diversity in Gonabad" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 1 (12): 1590–1600. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  44. ^ "Key Biodiversity Survey of Iraq". NATURE IRAQ & IRAQ MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT. 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  45. ^ "Haji Omran Mountain (IQ018)" (PDF). natrueiraq.org. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  46. ^ "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  47. ^ a b c "Growing Aril Irises". edgewoodgardens.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  48. ^ Balimgardt, John Philip (1970). Bulbs for Summer Bloom. p. 79.
  49. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  50. ^ Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  51. ^ David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books

Sources

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  • Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 (F Turk)
  • Huxley, A., ed. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. 1992 (Dict Gard)
  • Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium Hortus third. 1976 (Hortus 3)
  • Mathew, B. The Iris. 1981 (Iris) 45–46.
  • Rechinger, K. H., ed. Flora iranica. 1963– (F Iran)
  • Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest Flora of Iraq. 1966– (F Iraq)
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