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Intellectual humility

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Intellectual humility is a metacognitive process characterized by recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and acknowledging one's fallibility. It involves several components, including not thinking too highly of oneself, refraining from believing one's own views are superior to others', lacking intellectual vanity, being open to new ideas, and acknowledging mistakes and shortcomings. It is positively associated with openness to new ideas, empathy, prosocial values, tolerance for diverse perspectives, and scrutiny of misinformation. Individuals with higher levels of intellectual humility experience benefits such as improved decision-making, positive social interactions, and the moderation of conflicts. There is a long history of philosophers considering the importance of intellectual humility as a 'virtue'. The modern study of this phenomenon began in the mid-2000s.

Definition

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Intellectual humility is a psychological process, a metacognitive entity, defined as "the recognition of the limits of one’s knowledge and an awareness of one’s fallibility."[1]

Components

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Intellectual humility is "a multifaceted and multilayered virtue"[2] which involves several key components that shape an individual's intellectual disposition. An intellectually humbler person will:

  • Not think too highly of themselves
  • Not think that one's beliefs or attitudes are better or more correct than other viewpoints
  • Lack intellectual vanity
  • Not boast or brag about their intellectual accomplishments
  • Not be defensive when challenged or try to explain away their intellectual shortcomings
  • Take complaints and criticism seriously
  • Acknowledge their mistakes and shortcomings
  • Show open-mindedness to new ideas
  • "Own" their intellectual limitations[2]

It is positively associated with openness to new ideas, empathy, prosocial values, tolerance for diverse people and perspectives, scrutiny of misinformation, greater openness to learning about different political views, lower affective polarization, and higher religious tolerance.[3]

Benefits

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There are a variety of benefits to individuals who have higher intellectual humility including:

  • Improved decision-making: "more likely to process information in ways that enhance their knowledge and understanding than people lower in intellectual humility."
  • Positive interactions: "more positive social interactions, especially when disagreements arise . .. . people who are more intellectually humble to be liked better than those low in IH.[4]
  • More accuracy and less overclaiming on critical thinking taks.[5]

At a social level there are also benefits including the moderation of conflicts and may lead to greater compromise.[4]

The consequences of the reverse - i.e. overconfidence - can be problematic. As social psychologist Scott Plous wrote, "No problem in judgement and decision making is more prevalent and more potentially catastrophic than overconfidence."[6] It has been blamed for lawsuits, strikes, wars, poor corporate acquisitions,[7][8] and stock market bubbles and crashes.

A comprehensive meta-analysis, encompassing 54 studies and 33,814 participants, reveals that IH correlates with reduced susceptibility to misinformation and conspiracy theories.[9] Notably, the effects appear more pronounced in behavioral outcomes than in attitudinal measures, highlighting IH's potential as a target for interventions aimed at combating the spread of false information.

A large study of nearly 50,000 participants from over 68 countries the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April–May 2020) found that "open-mindedness turns out to be the strongest predictor for rejecting conspiracy beliefs" (and support for public health measures) related to COVID-19.[10]

Potential Limitations

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Some research suggests that traits such as intellectual humility might lead to response bias, potentially causing individuals to be overly cautious or skeptical when evaluating any type of information (regardless of veracity).[11][12] However, a recent study found that intellectual humility was associated with improved misinformation discernment and metacognitive awareness, without leading to a significant response bias.[13] This finding suggests that intellectually humble individuals are better at distinguishing between true and false claims, not because they are inherently more skeptical, but due to enhanced discernment abilities.

Acquisition

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A study found that users of an online tool could experience a small- to medium-sized increase in their intellectual humility.[3]

Activities with some empirical support and/or theoretical foundation for increasing intellectual humility[14]
Exercise with rationale Sample applications
Approaching a challenging situation from a third-person rather than a first-person perspective: Thinking about a situation from a third-person perspective creates psychological distance, which increases objectivity regarding the situation. It also shifts people from an individual to a relational focus.
  • Approaching a challenging interpersonal situation from the vantage point of an outside observer.
  • Resolving intellectual disagreements via discussions in which participants argue only from each other's perspectives. Although different from a third-person perspective, this exercise often leads to greater understanding of other people's viewpoints.
Shifting towards a growth mindset of intelligence: The belief that intelligence can be developed and grow rather than that it is a trait that cannot be changed. People who hold a growth mindset of intelligence may feel less threatened to acknowledge what they do not yet understand and feel more comfortable acknowledging the intellectual strengths of others.
  • Reading about the growth mindset of intelligence.
  • Creating shared learning opportunities in which each participant reviews a segment of a work and discusses the key points of each segment.
Critical evaluation of the limitations of one's knowledge regarding particular topics or situations: When people assess the limits of their knowledge in a particular situation or topic, it can make their general intellectual humility more salient in the moment and on the topic in question.
  • Critical evaluation to determine whether one's own views could be wrong, whether any relevant information is being overlooked, and whether one's views may be changed if additional information is presented.
Identifification of past cases where acknowledging flaws in one's thinking or ideas resulted in positive change: Thinking about practical examples of intellectual humility brings this concept out of the theoretical so as to promote applied understanding. This exercise can minimize fears pertinent to intellectual humility by highlighting the ways in which it has resulted in positive outcomes for a person in the past.
  • Identification of opinions held in the past that have since changed. Consideration of views and policies that were supported by reason at the time, but that one has come to reject as false or unhelpful.
Recognition of general human intellectual fallibility: Acknowledging that all humans have intellectual fallibility can help people realize that they are no exception. This allows people to embrace intellectual humility as an aspect of their shared humanity and may help leaders accept their own and their followers’ intellectual fallibility.

History

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For millennia, philosophers have championed "a recognition of one's epistemic limit" and have named it an epistemic virtue.[1]

Perhaps the first recorded instance of intellectual humility is when Socrates (in The Apology) remarked: "Although I do not suppose that either of us knows anything really beautiful and good, I am better off than he is – for he knows nothing, and thinks he knows. I neither know nor think I know."[1]

Waclaw Bąk et al. identify Socrates as "the ideal example" of intellectual humility. Studies by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Gordon Allport discuss humility with regard to one's knowledge without using the phrase "intellectual humility.[15] [check quotation syntax] Notwithstanding this long history, attention from social and behavioural scientists is much more recent - roughly starting in the mid-2000s.[16] One of the first focused studies of intellectual humility was conducted by Roberts and Woods in 2003.[17]

See also

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Further reading

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  • "Can Intellectual Humility Save Us from Ourselves?". JSTOR DAILY. JSTOR. 24 January 2024. Seven conversations "pairing scholars of intellectual humility with community leaders to explore manifestations of intellectual humility outside the academy."
  • Resnick, Brian (2019). "Intellectual humility: the importance of knowing you might be wrong". Vox.
  • Dolan, Eric (2019). "Intellectually humble people tend to possess more knowledge, study finds". Psypost - Psychology News.
  • Aberdein, Andrew (2020). "Intellectual Humility and Argumentation". In Alfano, Mark; Lynch, Michael; Tanesini, Alessandra (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Humility. Routledge. pp. 325–334. Retrieved 4 June 2022. Paul is the only theorist in Ritchhart's survey to propose intellectual humility as a critical thinking disposition
  • Church, Ian; Samuelson, Peter (2016). Intellectual Humility: An Introduction to the Philosophy and Science. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-3675-1.
  • Paul, Richard (1990). Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survive in a Rapidly Changing World. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University. pp. 54, 194. ISBN 0944583040. LCCN 90-80195.
  • Snow, Nancy E. (2018). "15. Intellectual Humility". In Battaly, Heather (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Virtue Epistemology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-49528-4.
  • Colombo, M., Strangmann, K., Houkes, L., Kostadinova, Z., & Brandt, M. J. (2021). Intellectually Humble, but Prejudiced People. A Paradox of Intellectual Virtue. Review of Philosophy and Psychology. 12, 353–371. doi: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13164-020-00496-4

References

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  1. ^ a b c Costello, T. H.; Newton, C.; Lin, H.; Pennycook, G. (6 August 2023). "Metacognitive Blindspot in Intellectual Humility Measures". PsyArXiv Preprints. Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) and the Center for Open Science (COS). doi:10.31234/osf.io/gux95. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b Hannon, Michael (20 July 2020). "Chapter 7: Intellectual humility and the curse of knowledge". In Tanesini, Alessandra; Lynch, Michael (eds.). Polarisation, Arrogance, and Dogmatism: Philosophical Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 104–119. ISBN 978-0367260859. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b Welker, Keith M.; Duong, Mylien; Rakhshani, Andrew; Dieffenbach, Macrina; Coleman, Peter; Peter, Jonathan (15 June 2023). "The Online Educational Program 'Perspectives' Improves Affective Polarization, Intellectual Humility, and Conflict Management" (PDF). Journal of Social and Political Psychology. 11 (2): 439. doi:10.5964/jspp.10651. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  4. ^ a b Leary, M.R. (2022). "Intellectual Humility as a Route to More Accurate Knowledge, Better Decisions, and Less Conflict". American Journal of Health Promotion. 36 (8): 1401–1404. doi:10.1177/08901171221125326b. PMID 36305505. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  5. ^ Bowes, Shauna M.; Ringwood, Anna; Tasimi, Arber (3 May 2024). "Is intellectual humility related to more accuracy and less overconfidence?". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 19 (3): 538–553. doi:10.1080/17439760.2023.2208100. ISSN 1743-9760.
  6. ^ Plous, Scott (1993). The psychology of judgement and decision making (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 217. ISBN 0070504776.
  7. ^ Malmendier, Ulrike; Tate, Geoffrey (2008). "Who makes acquisitions? CEO overconfidence and the market's reaction". Journal of Financial Economics. 89 (1): 20–43. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.07.002. S2CID 12354773.
  8. ^ Twardawski, Torsten; Kind, Axel (2023). "Board overconfidence in mergers and acquisitions". Journal of Business Research. 165 (1). doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114026.
  9. ^ Bowes, Shauna M.; Fazio, Lisa K. (27 September 2024). "Intellectual humility and misinformation receptivity: A meta-analytic review". Advances.in/Psychology. 2: e940422. doi:10.56296/aip00026. ISSN 2976-937X.
  10. ^ Pärnamets, Philip; Alfano, Mark; Van Bavel, Jay; Ross, Robert (22 July 2022). "Open-mindedness predicts support for public health measures and disbelief in conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic". PsyArXiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/2ujra. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  11. ^ Batailler, Cédric; Brannon, Skylar M.; Teas, Paul E.; Gawronski, Bertram (January 2022). "A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 17 (1): 78–98. doi:10.1177/1745691620986135. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 34264150.
  12. ^ Modirrousta-Galian, Ariana; Higham, Philip A. (September 2023). "Gamified inoculation interventions do not improve discrimination between true and fake news: Reanalyzing existing research with receiver operating characteristic analysis". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 152 (9): 2411–2437. doi:10.1037/xge0001395. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 36996156.
  13. ^ Prike, Toby; Holloway, James; Ecker, Ullrich K. H. (13 September 2024). "Intellectual humility is associated with greater misinformation discernment and metacognitive insight but not response bias". Advances.in/Psychology. 2: e020433. doi:10.56296/aip00025. ISSN 2976-937X.
  14. ^ Krumrei-Mancuso, Elizabeth; Rice Begin, Malika (28 October 2022). ""Cultivating Intellectual Humility in Leaders: Potential Benefits, Risks, and Practical Tools"". American Journal of Health Promotion. 36 (8): 1399–1420. doi:10.1177/08901171221125326. PMID 36305499.
  15. ^ Bąk, Wacław; Wójtowicz, Bartosz; Kutnik, Jan (2022). "Intellectual humility: an old problem in a new psychological perspective". Current Issues in Personality Psychology. 10 (2): 85–97. doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.106999. ISSN 2353-4192. PMC 10535625. PMID 38013918. S2CID 237964643.
  16. ^ Hoyle, Rick (20 July 2023). "Chapter 6: Forms of Intellectual Humility and Their Associations with Features of KNowledge, Beliefs, and Opinions". In Ottati, Victor; Stern, Chadly (eds.). Open-Mindedness and Dogmatism in a Polarized World. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–119. ISBN 978-0197655467. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  17. ^ Haggard, Megan C. (December 2016). Humility as Intellectual Virtue: Assessment and Uses of a Limitations-Owning Perspective of Intellectual Humility (PDF). Baylor University (PhD thesis). p. 2.
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