Ingush societies
Ingush societies or shahars (Ingush: ГIалгIай шахьараш, romanized: Ghalghaj šæx́æræš) were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic group. The formation and functioning of most of them dates back to the late Middle Ages (16th – 19th centuries). During this period, their boundaries, number and names changed.[1]
The names of societies mainly came from the names of the area of their localization, that is, they were based on the geographical principle.[2][3] Despite the fact that during this period the Ingush lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language.[4]
Ingush societies in the literature are sometimes called shahars[5] (Ingush: шахьар, romanized: šæx́ær, lit. 'society, district'[6][7][8]) The term "shahar" meant in the ancient states of Western Asia the destinies into which they were administratively and territorially divided. Societies (shahars) of medieval Ingushetia were also territorial units.[9][a]
Etymology
[edit]The Ingush name for societies is shahar (шахьар)[7] which is derived from Persian word shahr (شهر).[11]
History
[edit]
The collapse of the Alanian state in the 13th century and the outflow of its population to the mountains, entrenched to the east and west of the Darial by building fortresses, served as the basis for the formation of new ethno-territorial communities. Villages located in the mountainous zone were grouped mainly along local gorges, which contributed to their ethnopolitical consolidation into separate territorial societies/regions (Ingush: ГIалгIай Шахьараш). By the end of the 16th century, apparently, the main territorial societies of the Ingush had already formed. Based on the data of Russian sources of the 16th-17th centuries,[12] naming several territorial communities of the Ingush, it is concluded that in Ingushetia and in the XV century. there were approximately the same number of territorial societies, each of which united several villages.[12][13]
Over time, the number and boundaries of societies changed, this happened as a result of migration processes of the Ingush population, including those associated with the return of the Ingush to the plane (plain). They began quite early, soon after Timur left the North Caucasus. At a very early stage, they were in the nature of individual military-political actions undertaken by the Ingush on the flat lands in order to counteract the consolidation of alien nomadic peoples on them.[14]
The change in the names and number of societies also occurred due to the transfer of rural governments from one village to another. So, for example, the Kist (Fyappin) society began to be called the Metskhal society, and the Ghalghaï society was divided into two - Tsorin and Khamkhin.[15]
List of societies
[edit]- Akkin society[d]
Notes
[edit]- ^ For example, in Province of Sassanid Empire, Asoristan, the provinces were known as šahr.[10]
- ^ «Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840»,[16] Caucasian Territory // "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[17] Volkonsky,[18] Pantyukhov,[19] Kovalevsky,[20] Martirosian,[21] Krupnov,[22] Volkova,[23]
- ^ "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[16] "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[17] Volkonsky,[18] Pantyukhov,[19] Kovalevsky,[20] Martirosian,[21] Krupnov.[22]
- ^ Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,[24] Volkonsky,[18] Terskiy Sbornik,[25] Martirosian,[21] Kusheva,[26] Hakluyt Society,[27] Krupnov.[22]
- ^ Malkhins as an Ingush society is indicated in the "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest order at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff".[17] Malkhins in the literature of the 19th-20th centuries also were known under name "Distant Kists". Under this name, they are also indicated as an Ingush society: "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[16] I. I. Pantyukhov,[19] G. K. Martirosian,[21] Kusheva,[28] E. I. Krupnov.[22]
References
[edit]- ^ Кодзоев 2002.
- ^ Горепекин 2006, p. 23.
- ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 147.
- ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 151.
- ^ Робакидзе 1968, p. 88.
- ^ Далгат 1972, p. 442.
- ^ a b Бекова et al. 2009, p. 861.
- ^ Кодзоев 2021, p. 467.
- ^ К ингушской терминологии 1999.
- ^ Widengren 1987.
- ^ Genko 1930, p. 758.
- ^ a b Пиотровский & Нарочницкий 1988.
- ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 146.
- ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 142.
- ^ Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
- ^ a b c Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.
"V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"
- ^ a b c Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи 1851, p. 137:
"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) Дальніе Кисты…"
- ^ a b c Волконский 1886, p. 54:
«Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ.»
- ^ a b c Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
- ^ a b Ковалевский 1914, p. 150:
"Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"
- ^ a b c d Мартиросиан 1928, p. 12.
- ^ a b c d Крупнов 1971, p. 37.
- ^ Волкова 1974, p. 153.
- ^ Извѣстія Кавказскаго отдѣла Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества. Томъ IX. Часть I (in Russian). Отдѣл. 1885. p. 102.
- ^ Терскій областный статистическій комитет (1893). Терскій сборник. Выпускъ Третій. Книга Вторая (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. p. 100.
- ^ Кушева 1963, p. 69.
- ^ Hakluyt Society 1970, p. 23.
- ^ Кушева 1963, p. 65.
- ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, pp. 192–193.
Bibliography
[edit]English sources
[edit]- Widengren, G. (1987). "Āsōristān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 785–786. ISBN 978-0-71009-108-6. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- Hakluyt Society (1970). Keatinge, Maurice (ed.). Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. London: The Society. pp. 1–640.
Russian sources
[edit]- Бекова, А. И.; Дударов, У. Б.; Илиева, Ф. М.; Мальсагова, Л. Д.; Тариева, Л. У. (2009). Ингушско-русский словарь [Ingush-Russian Dictionary] (in Ingush and Russian). Нальчик: «Республиканский полиграфкомбинат им. Революции 1905 г.». pp. 1–990. ISBN 978-5-88195-965-4.
- Вертепов, Г. А. (1892). "Ингуши: Историко-статистический очерк" [Ingush: Historical and statistical essay]. In Максимов, Е.; Вертепов, Г. А. (eds.). Туземцы Северного Кавказа. Историко-статистические очерки. Выпуск первый. Осетины, ингуши, кабардинцы [Natives of the North Caucasus. Historical and statistical essays. First issue. Ossetians, Ingush, Kabardians] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Тип. Областного правления Терской Области. pp. 71–138.
- "Кавказский край" [Caucasian territory]. Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи: издаваемое по высочайшему повелению при 1-м отделении Департамента Генерального штаба [Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire: published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff] (in Russian). Vol. 16: Part 1. СПб.: Тип. Департамента Генерального штаба. 1851. pp. 1–274.
- Волкова, Н. Г. (1974). Гарданов, В. К. (ed.). Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII — начале XX века [Ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus in the 18th - early 20th centuries] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–276.
- Волконский, Н. А. (1886). "Война на Восточном Кавказе с 1824 по 1834 годы в связи с мюридизмом" [War in the Eastern Caucasus from 1824 to 1834 in connection with Muridism]. In Чернявский, И. С. (ed.). Кавказский сборник [Caucasian collection] (in Russian). Vol. 10. Тифлис: Тип. Окружного штаба Кавказского военного округа. pp. 1–224.
- Горепекин, Ф. И. (2006). "Краткие сведения о народе «ингуши»" [Brief information about the people "Ingush"]. In Албогачиева, М.С-Г.; Мартазанов, А. А. (eds.). Труды Фомы Ивановича Горепекина [Works of Foma Ivanovich Gorepekin] (in Russian). СПб.: Ладога. pp. 1–204. ISBN 5-98635-011-1.
- Genko, A. N. (1930). "Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush] (PDF). Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (PDF) (in Russian). Vol. 5. Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. pp. 681–761.
- Далгат, У. Б. (1972). Дахкильгов, И. А. (ed.). Героический эпос чеченцев и ингушей: Исследование и тексты [The Heroic Epos of the Chechens and Ingush: Research and Texts] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–466.
- Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Ковалевский, П. И. (1914). Народы Кавказа [Peoples of the Caucasus] (in Russian). СПб.: Тип. М. И. Акинфиева. pp. 1–346.
- Кодзоев, Н. Д. (2002). "Глава 4" [Chapter 4]. История Ингушского народа [The History of the Ingush people] (in Russian). Магас: Сердало. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11.
- Кодзоев, Н. Д. (2021). Хайрова, Р. Р. (ed.). Русско-ингушский словарь [Russian-Ingush dictionary] (in Ingush and Russian). Ростов-на-Дону: Типография «Лаки Пак». pp. 1–656. ISBN 978-5-906785-55-8.
- К ингушской терминологии: термины «район», «город», «улица» [To the Ingush terminology: the terms "district", "city", "street"]. Материалы научной конференции, посвящённой культуре и истории ингушского народа «Гӏалгӏайче—Хьо—Со—МоцагӀе—Даимле» (1 ed.). Назрань. 1999.
- Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
- Кушева, Е. Н. (1963). Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века) [The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th - 30s of the 17th century)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Изд-во Академии наук СССР. pp. 1–368.
- Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1928). Нагорная Ингушия [Upland Ingushiya] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Государственная типография Автономной Области Ингушии. pp. 1–153.
- Пантюхов, И. И. (1901). Ингуши: Антропологический очерк [Ingush: An anthropological essay] (in Russian). Тифлис: Тип. К. П. Козловского. pp. 1–35.
- Пиотровский, Б. Б.; Нарочницкий, А. Л., eds. (1988). История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времён до конца XVIII в. [The history of the peoples of the North Caucasus from ancient times to the end of the 18th century] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–544. ISBN 5-02-009486-2.
- Робакидзе, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
- Танкиев, А. Х. (1991). "Мохк вӀашагӀтохарах" [Reunification of the country]. Ингушский фольклор [Ingush folklore] (in Ingush). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во.