Information projection

In information theory, the information projection or I-projection of a probability distribution q onto a set of distributions P is

p^{*}={\underset {p\in P}{\arg \min }}\operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(p||q)

.

where $D_{\mathrm {KL} }$ is the Kullback–Leibler divergence from q to p. Viewing the Kullback–Leibler divergence as a measure of distance, the I-projection $p^{*}$ is the "closest" distribution to q of all the distributions in P.

The I-projection is useful in setting up information geometry, notably because of the following inequality, valid when P is convex:^[1]

$\operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(p||q)\geq \operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(p||p^{*})+\operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(p^{*}||q)$ .

This inequality can be interpreted as an information-geometric version of Pythagoras' triangle-inequality theorem, where KL divergence is viewed as squared distance in a Euclidean space.

It is worthwhile to note that since $\operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(p||q)\geq 0$ and continuous in p, if P is closed and non-empty, then there exists at least one minimizer to the optimization problem framed above. Furthermore, if P is convex, then the optimum distribution is unique.

The reverse I-projection also known as moment projection or M-projection is

p^{*}={\underset {p\in P}{\arg \min }}\operatorname {D} _{\mathrm {KL} }(q||p)

.

Since the KL divergence is not symmetric in its arguments, the I-projection and the M-projection will exhibit different behavior. For I-projection, $p(x)$ will typically under-estimate the support of $q(x)$ and will lock onto one of its modes. This is due to $p(x)=0$ , whenever $q(x)=0$ to make sure KL divergence stays finite. For M-projection, $p(x)$ will typically over-estimate the support of $q(x)$ . This is due to $p(x)>0$ whenever $q(x)>0$ to make sure KL divergence stays finite.

The reverse I-projection plays a fundamental role in the construction of optimal e-variables.

The concept of information projection can be extended to arbitrary f-divergences and other divergences.^[2]

References

^ Cover, Thomas M.; Thomas, Joy A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory (2 ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Interscience. p. 367 (Theorem 11.6.1).
^ Nielsen, Frank (2018). "What is... an information projection?" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 65 (3): 321–324. doi:10.1090/noti1647.

K. Murphy, "Machine Learning: a Probabilistic Perspective", The MIT Press, 2012.

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[1] Cover, Thomas M.; Thomas, Joy A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory (2 ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Interscience. p. 367 (Theorem 11.6.1).

[2] Nielsen, Frank (2018). "What is... an information projection?" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 65 (3): 321–324. doi:10.1090/noti1647.

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See also

References