Jump to content

Immigration by country

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
Immigration
Immigration
General
History and law
Social processes
Political theories
Opposition and reform
Causes

This article delineates the issue of immigration in different countries.

Region-specific factors for immigration

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Citizens of one member nation of the European Union are allowed to work in other member nations with little to no restriction on movement.[1] This is aided by the EURES network, which brings together the European Commission and the public employment services of the countries belonging to the European Economic Area and Switzerland. For non-EU-citizen permanent residents in the EU, movement between EU-member states is considerably more difficult. After 155 new waves of accession to the European Union, earlier members have often introduced measures to restrict participation in "their" labour markets by citizens of the new EU-member states. For instance, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain each restricted their labor market for up to seven years both in the 2004 and 2007 round of accession.[2]

North African immigrants near the Italian island of Sicily

Due to the European Union's—in principle—single internal labour market policy, countries such as Italy and the Republic of Ireland that have seen relatively low levels of labour immigration until recently (and which have often sent a significant portion of their population overseas in the past) are now seeing an influx of immigrants from EU countries with lower per capita annual earning rates, triggering nationwide immigration debates.[3][4] Spain, meanwhile, is seeing growing illegal immigration from Africa. As Spain is the closest EU member nation to Africa—Spain even has two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla) on the African continent, as well as an autonomous community (the Canary Islands) west of North Africa, in the Atlantic—it is physically easiest for African emigrants to reach. This has led to debate both within Spain and between Spain and other EU members. Spain has asked for border control assistance from other EU states; the latter have responded that Spain has brought the wave of African illegal migrants on itself by granting amnesty to hundreds of thousands of undocumented foreigners.[5]

The United Kingdom, France, and Germany have seen major immigration since the end of World War II and have been debating the issue for decades. Foreign workers were brought in to those countries to help rebuild after the war, and many stayed. Political debates about immigration typically focus on statistics, the immigration law and policy, and the implementation of existing restrictions.[6][7] In some European countries, the debate in the 1990s was focused on asylum seekers, but restrictive policies within the European Union, as well as a reduction in armed conflict in Europe and neighboring regions, have sharply reduced asylum seekers.[8]

Japan

[edit]

Some countries, such as Japan, have opted for technological changes to increase profitability (for example, greater automation), and designed immigration laws specifically to prevent immigrants from coming to, and remaining within, the country.[9] In 2007, minister Taro Aso described Japan as unique in being "one nation, one civilisation, one language, one culture and one race".[10] In 2013, Japan accepted only six of 3,777 persons who applied for refugee status.[11]

Japan is a highly unattractive migrant destination compared to other major industrialized countries; according to Gallup the number of potential migrants who wished to migrate to Japan was the lowest in the G7 and twelve times less than the number who wished to migrate to the United States, consistent with its low migrant inflows compared to the latter.[12][13] Some Japanese scholars have pointed out that Japanese immigration laws, at least toward high-skilled migrants, are relatively lenient compared to other developed countries, and that the main factor behind its low migrant inflows is because it is a highly unattractive migrant destination compared to other developed countries.[14] This is also apparent when looking at Japan's work visa programme for "specified skilled worker", which had less than 3,000 applicants, despite an annual goal of attracting 40,000 overseas workers, suggesting Japan faces major challenges in attracting migrants compared to other developed countries regardless of its immigration policies.[15]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to the United States

In the United States, political debate on immigration has flared repeatedly.[citation needed] The country has seen unprecedented growth of immigrants since its independence in 1776, most recently for those of Asian descent.[citation needed]

Immigration and Western social values

[edit]

Many commentators have raised the issue that immigrants from certain cultures who move into Western countries may not be able to understand and assimilate certain Western concepts, that are relatively alien in some parts of the world, especially related to women's rights, domestic violence, LGBT rights and the supremacy of secular laws in front of religious practices. For instance, in some of the Islamic countries, it is legal and socially accepted for men to use physical violence against their wives if they "misbehave"; and wives are expected, both legally and socially, to "obey" their husbands.[16][17] Various behaviours of women, such as refusing arranged marriages or having premarital sex, are seen in many parts of the world as justifying violence from family members, particularly parents.[18] A 2010 survey conducted by the Pew Research Centre found that stoning as a punishment for adultery was supported by 82% of respondents in Egypt and Pakistan, 70% in Jordan, 56% Nigeria, 42% in Indonesia; the death penalty for people who leave the Muslim religion was supported by 86% of respondents in Jordan, 84% in Egypt and 76% in Pakistan; sex segregation in the workplace was supported by 85% of respondents in Pakistan, 54% in Egypt, 50% in Jordan.[19]

Some people[who?] argue that Western countries have worked hard and for a long time to achieve modern values, and they have the right to maintain these values, and protect them from threats. In 2007, Quebec premier Jean Charest said that Quebec had values such as equality of women and men and the separation between the state and religion and that "These values are fundamental. They cannot be the object of any accommodation. They cannot be subordinated to any other principle."[20] (see reasonable accommodation). In recent years, several high-profile cases of honour killings, forced marriages and female genital mutilation among immigrant communities in Canada, the US and Europe have reignited the debate on immigration and integration.[21][22][23][24][25][26] LGBT rights are another issue of controversy in relation to immigration, because homosexuality is in many parts of the world illegal and widely disapproved by society, and in some places it is even punishable by death (see sodomy laws and LGBT rights by country or territory). Some countries, such as the Netherlands, have adopted policies which explain to immigrants that they have to accept LGBT rights if they want to move to the country.[27]

By country

[edit]
Data : https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIG

The Commitment to Development Index ranks 22 of the world's richest countries on their immigration policies and openness to migrants and refugees from the poorest nations. See the CDI for information about specific country policies and evaluation not listed below.

Asia

[edit]

China

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to China

Israel

[edit]
Main article: Aliyah
Meeting between Sudanese refugees and Israeli students, 2007. In Israel only Jewish immigrants automatically acquire Israeli citizenship.

Jewish immigration to Palestine during the 19th century was promoted by the Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl in the late 19th century following the publication of "Der Judenstaat".[28] His Zionist movement sought to encourage Jewish migration, or immigration, to Palestine. Its proponents regard its aim as self-determination for the Jewish people.[29] The percentage of world Jewry living in the former Mandatory Palestine has steadily grown from 25,000 since the movement came into existence. Today about 40% of the world's Jews live in Israel, more than in any other country.[30]

The Israeli Law of Return, passed in 1950, gives those born Jews (having a Jewish mother or grandmother), those with Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or grandfather) and converts to Judaism (Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative denominations—not secular—though Reform and Conservative conversions must take place outside the state, similar to civil marriages) the right to immigrate to Israel. A 1970 amendment extended immigration rights to "a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew". Over a million Jews from the former Soviet Union have immigrated to Israel since the 1990s, and large numbers of Ethiopian Jews were airlifted to the country in Operation Moses. In the year 1991, Israel helped 14,000 Ethiopian immigrants arrive in operation Solomon.

There were 35,638 African migrants living in Israel in 2011.[31] Nearly 69,000 non-Jewish African migrants have entered Israel in recent years.[32]

Japan

[edit]
See also: Immigration to Japan
Japan's population is very ethnically homogeneous due to restrictions on immigration.

To help cope with a labor shortage, Japan allowed additional immigrants of Japanese ancestry into the country in the early 1990s.[33] According to Japanese immigration centre,[34] the number of foreign residents in Japan has steadily increased, and the number of foreign residents (including permanent residents, but excluding illegal immigrants and short-term visitors such as foreign nationals staying less than 90 days in Japan[35]) was more than 2.2 million in 2008.[34] The biggest groups are Koreans (both south and north), Chinese (including China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau nationalities), and Brazilians. Most of the Brazilians in Japan have Japanese ancestry due to the huge Japanese immigration to Brazil in the first decades of the 20th century. Immediately after World War II, most Koreans in Japan were illegal immigrants who escaped from civil war on the Korean Peninsula.[36]

Japan accepted 8,646 persons as naturalised citizens in 2013, down from 10,622 the previous year.[37] The definition of "ethnic groups" used in Japanese statistics is different from that used in North American or some Western European statistics. For example, the United Kingdom Census asks about its citizens' "ethnic or racial background".[38] The Japanese Statistics Bureau does not ask this question. Since the Japanese census asks about nationality rather than ethnicity, naturalised Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic backgrounds are considered simply to be Japanese in the population of Japan.[34]

According to the Japanese Association for Refugees, the number of refugees who applied to live in Japan has rapidly increased since 2006,[39] and there were more than a thousand applications in 2008.[39] Japan's refugee policy has been criticised because the number of refugees accepted into Japan is small compared to countries such as Sweden and the United States.[40] In 2013, Japan accepted only six of 3,777 persons who applied for refugee status.[11]

Africa

[edit]

Morocco

[edit]

Morocco is home to more than 46,000 sub-Saharan African immigrants.[41] Most of the foreign residents are French or Spanish. Prior to independence, Morocco was home to half a million Europeans.[42]

South Africa

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to South Africa

Europe

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Europe

According to Eurostat, 47.3 million people lived in the EU in 2010, who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million).[43][44]

Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration: for instance Spain, where the economy has created more than half of all new jobs in the EU over the past five years.[45] The EU, in 2005, had an overall net gain from international migration of +1.8 million people. This accounts for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth in 2005.[46] In 2004, total 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.[47] In 2005, immigration fell slightly to 135,890.[48] British emigration towards Southern Europe is of special relevance. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain. They mainly come from countries like the UK and Germany, but the British case is of special interest due to its magnitude. The British authorities estimate that the British population in Spain at 700,000.[49]

Mid- and long term EU demographics indicate a shortage of skilled laborers on a scale that would endanger economic growth and the stability of numerous industries. For this reason the European Union launched an initiative called the EU Blue Card, In 2009. The EU Blue Card is initially a temporary residence and work permit. It will offer holders the opportunity to apply for a permanent resident permit after working on an EU Blue Card for two to five years uninterrupted, depending on individual member state regulations.[citation needed]

Italy

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Italy
Immigrants to Europe have entered by boat to the Italian island of Lampedusa

Italy now has an estimated 4 million to 4.5 million immigrants — about 8 per cent of the population. Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Central Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 997,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians (590,000) and Moroccans (455,000) as the largest ethnic minority group, but independent estimates put the actual number of Romanians at double that figure or perhaps even more. Other immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (260,000), Polish (120,000), Moldovans (190 000) Macedonians (100,000), Serbs (75,000), Bulgarians (124,000), Bosnians (40,000), Russians (50,000), Croatians (25,000), Slovaks (12,000), Hungarians (12,000).[citation needed]

As of 2009, the foreign born population origin of Italy was subdivided as follows: Europe (53.5%), Africa (22.3%), Asia (15.8%), the Americas (8.1%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of foreign born population is largely uneven in Italy: 80% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 20% live in the southern half of the peninsula. In 2008, net immigration to Italy was 47,000.[citation needed]

Norway

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Norway
Immigration to Norway has increased the amount of religious minorities, such as these Muslims in Oslo

Pr. 1 January 2012 registered immigrants in Norway numbered 547,000,[50] making up about 11% of the total population. Many are fairly recent immigrants as immigration has gradually increased [51] in Norway and per 2012 is very high, both historically and compared to other countries.[52] Net immigration in 2011 was 47,032, a national record high.[53] The immigrants come from 219 different countries. If children of two immigrants are included the immigrant population make up 655,170. The largest groups come from Poland (72,103), Sweden (36,578), Pakistan (32,737), Somalia (29,395) Iraq (28,935), Germany (25,683), Lithuania (23,941) and Vietnam (20,871) (numbers per 2012, include immigrants and children of two immigrants).[54] Children of Pakistani, Somali and Vietnamese parents made up the largest groups of all Norwegians born to immigrant parents.[55] The European and Pakistani immigrants are mainly labor immigrants while many other immigrants from outside Europe have come as asylum seekers or family members to such.

Portugal

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Portugal

Portugal, long a country of emigration, that have created big Portuguese communities in France, the United States and Brazil [56] has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the former colonies; by the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from Cape Verde, Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, UK, Spain, China and Ukraine.[57]

Spain

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Spain

As of 2010, there were over 6 million foreign-born residents in Spain, corresponding to 14% of the total population. Of these, 4.1 million (8.9% of the total population) were born outside the European Union and 2.3 million (5.1%) were born in another EU Member State.[58] Spain is the most popular European destination for Britons living outside the UK.[59] According to residence permit data for 2005, about 500,000 Moroccans, 500,000 Ecuadorians,[60] more than 200,000 Romanians, and 260,000 Colombians lived in Spain.[61][62] In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.[63] As a result of the Spanish financial crisis net migration trends reversed and in 2011 more people left Spain than immigrated with 507,740 leaving Spain and only 457,650 arriving.[64]

Sweden

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Sweden
Swedish politician Nyamko Sabuni was born in Burundi and immigrated to Sweden in 1981.

As the Swedish government does not base any statistics on ethnicity, there are no exact numbers on the total number of people of immigrant background in Sweden. As of 2010, 1.33 million people or 14.3% of the inhabitants in Sweden were foreign-born. Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards. In 2009, immigration reached its highest level since records began with 102,280 people emigrating to Sweden. In 2010, 32,000 people applied for asylum to Sweden, a 25% increase from 2009, the highest amount in Swedish history.[65]

In 2009, Sweden had the fourth largest number of asylum applications in the EU and the largest number per capita after Cyprus and Malta.[66][67] Immigrants in Sweden are mostly concentrated in the urban areas of Svealand and Götaland and the five largest foreign born populations in Sweden come from Finland, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland and Iran.[68] According to a publication by Mete Feridun in the peer-reviewed Journal of Developing Areas published by the Tennessee State University, immigration has a statistically significant causal impact on economic growth in Sweden.[69]

Switzerland

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Switzerland

As of 2014, 23.4% of Switzerland's population are foreign born (with nearly 40% from Germany). Since the 1970s Switzerland's foreign born population has remained over 15% of the total population. Switzerland and Australia are the two countries with the highest proportion of immigrants in the world.[70] In 2010, Swiss voters approved the deportation of criminal foreigners[71] and in February 2014, the federal popular initiative "against mass immigration" was approved by 50.3% of voters. The referendum aims to reduce immigration through quotas and limits the freedom of movement between Switzerland and the European Union. In 2006 the United Nations special rapporteur on racism, Doudou Diène, observed that Switzerland suffers from racism, discrimination and xenophobia and that Swiss authorities do not view these issues as serious problems.[72][73]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922

In 2007, net immigration to the UK was 237,000, a rise of 46,000 on 2006.[74] In 2004, the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795—a rise of 12% on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. In the 2001 Census, citizens from the Republic of Ireland were the largest foreign born group and have been for the last 200 years. This figure does not include those from Northern Ireland located since it is part of the United Kingdom. Those of Irish ancestry number roughly 6 million from first, second and third generation. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Asia (40%) and Africa (32%), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia.[75]

In 2011, an estimated 589,000 migrants arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, most of the migrants were people from Asia (particularly the Indian subcontinent) and Africa,[76] while 338,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more.[76] Following Poland's entry into the EU in May 2004 it was estimated that by the start of 2007, 375,000 Poles had registered to work in the UK, although the total Polish population in the UK was believed to be 500,000. Many Poles work in seasonal occupations and a large number are likely to move back and forth over time. Some migrants left after the world economic crisis of 2008. In 2011, citizens of the new EU member states made up 13% of the immigrants entering the country.[76] As of May 2010 the UK Immigration Minister was Damian Green, who has since been replaced by Mark Harper.

The British Asian (South Asian) population has increased from 2.2 million in 2001 to over 4.2 million in 2011,[77] while the Black British community has increased from 1.1 million in 2001 to nearly 1.9 million in 2011.[77] Between 2001 and 2009, this was part of a general trend seeing a drop in white British people by 36,000 and a concurrent rise in non-white British people from 6.64 million to 9.13 million, including Indian, Chinese, Pakistani, mixed white and black Caribbean, black African, Australian, Canadian and European immigrants.[78]

London has the largest immigrant population.[79]

North America

[edit]

Mexico

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Mexico

Large numbers of Central American migrants who have crossed Guatemala's border into Mexico are deported every year.[80] Over 200,000 undocumented Central American migrants were deported in 2005 alone.[81] In a 2010 news story, USA Today reported, "... Mexico's Arizona-style law requires local police to check IDs. And Mexican police freely engage in racial profiling and routinely harass Central American migrants, say immigration activists."[82]

After the United States returned to a more closed border, immigration has been more difficult than ever for Mexican residents hoping to migrate. Mexico is the leading country of migrants to the U.S.. A Mexican Repatriation program was founded by the United States government to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico. However, the program was not found successful and many immigrants were deported against their will. In 2010, there was a total of 139,120 legal immigrants who migrated to the United States. This put Mexico as the top country for emigration.[83] In subsequent years China and India have surpassed Mexico as the top sources of immigrants to the United States, and since 2009 there has been a net decline in the number of Mexicans living in the US.[84]

Canada

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Canada
Chinatown in downtown Toronto, Ontario, 2009

Between 2000 and 2014, Canada accepted 200,000 to 271,000 immigrants per year, mainly from three categories: skilled workers, people with family members already in the country, and humanitarian cases.[85][86][87] In 2019, 1 in 5 Canadians was an immigrant.[88] Since the 1990s, the majority of immigrants have come from Asia.[89] The leading emigrating countries were China, Philippines and India.[90] India was the third largest source country for immigration to Canada in 2012.[91] Newcomers tend to settle in the major urban areas of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. After Justin Trudeau became Prime Minister in 2015, he increased immigration targets. Population and housing prices rose more in Canada than in any other G7 country.[92] In 2022, a record 400,000 immigrants and 600,000 non-permanent residents, were admitted.[93] Trudeau acknowledged Canada does not have enough housing supply to reflect the dramatic increase in population growth (demand), and despite years of funding, strategies and initiatives, several cities across Canada have declared States of Emergency on Homelessness as of April 2023.[94] Although housing and service concerns have been raised, Trudeau plans to increase the number of immigrants to 465,000 in 2023 and up to 500,000 by 2025, saying the higher targets are necessary to ensure economic prosperity.[95][96] The new targets were recommended by the Advisory Council on Economic Growth established by the Liberal government in December 2015.[97][98]

Political parties in Canada are cautious about criticising the level of immigration, because, as noted by The Globe and Mail, "in the early 1990s, the old Reform Party was branded 'racist' for suggesting that immigration levels be lowered from 250,000 to 150,000." A Leger poll in 2019 indicated that the majority of Canadians (63%) thought immigration should be limited as they worried about housing and other infrastructure shortages, as well as the impact on the environment. The Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, at that time, Ahmed Hussen, said his department planned to share 'positive stories of newcomers...to keep public attitudes from turning against immigrants'. Hussen also accused the Opposition leader of 'misinformation and fear-mongering' about immigrants.[99]

According to a study released in October 2023, immigrants were leaving Canada in record numbers due to the high cost of living and for better economic opportunities abroad, among other reasons.[100]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to the United States
Naturalisation ceremony in New York City, 1930

Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants came to the United States from Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[101] Around 350,000 came from England between 1600 and 1699, and 80,000 more between 1700 and 1775.[102] In addition, between the 17th and 19th centuries, an estimated 645,000 Africans were brought to what is now the United States.[103] In the early years of the United States, immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year.[104] After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1850 to 1930, the foreign born population of the United States increased from 2.2 million to 14.2 million. The highest percentage of foreign born people in the United States was found in this period, with the peak in 1890 at 14.7% (compared to 13% in 2009).[105] During this time, the lower costs of Atlantic Ocean travel in time and fare made it more advantageous for immigrants to move to the U.S. than in years prior. From 1880 to 1924, over 25 million Europeans migrated to the United States,[101] mainly economic migrants.[106] The 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act meanwhile suppressed immigration from East Asia, while the Emergency Quota Act, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924, restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.[107]

German immigrant family in the United States, 1930
Cesar Chavez speaking at a 1974 United Farm Workers rally in California. The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration.

Following this time period, immigration fell because in 1924 Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which favoured immigrant source countries that already had many immigrants in the U.S. by 1890.[108] Immigration patterns of the 1930s were dominated by the Great Depression, and in the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than immigrated to it.[109] Immigration continued to fall throughout the 1940s and 1950s, but it increased again afterwards.[55]

The Mexico–U.S. border in Arizona.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 or McCarran–Walter Act brought in major changes to immigration policy and the act removed the immigration restrictions based on race and sex/gender, ending the decades of repression levied upon Chinese immigrants and other Asian immigrant groups. The McCarran-Walter act retained national origin immigration quotas.[110]

The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart–Cellar Act) removed quotas on large segments of the immigration flow and legal immigration to the U.S. surged. In 2006, the number of immigrants totaled record 37.5 million.[111] After 2000, immigration to the United States numbered approximately 1,000,000 per year. Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005.[112] Almost half entered illegally.[113] In 2006, 1.27 million immigrants were granted legal residence. Mexico has been the leading source of new U.S. residents for over two decades; and since 1998, China, India and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year.[114] The U.S. has often been called the "melting pot" (derived from Carl N. Degler, a historian, author of Out of Our Past), a name derived from United States' rich tradition of immigrants coming to the US looking for something better and having their cultures melded and incorporated into the fabric of the country.

Appointed by President Clinton, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended in 1997 that legal immigration be reduced to about 550,000 a year.[115] Since 11 September 2001, the politics of immigration has become an extremely hot issue. It was a central topic of the 2008 election cycle.[116]

U.S. immigration law distinguishes between "immigrants" who become lawful permanent residents[117] and "nonimmigrants" who may remain lawfully in the U.S. for years, but who do not obtain permanent resident status.[118] Since World War II, more refugees have found homes in the U.S. than any other nation and more than two million refugees have arrived in the U.S. since 1980. Of the top ten countries accepting resettled refugees in 2006, the United States accepted more than twice as much as the next nine countries combined.[119] One econometrics report in 2010 by analyst Kusum Mundra suggested that immigration positively affected bilateral trade when the U.S. had a networked community of immigrants, but that the trade benefit was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into American culture.[120]

The table above does not include the years 2011 and 2012. The number of "immigrant" visas available each year is set by Congress. Nationals of countries that do not historically send many immigrants to the United States are eligible to apply for the Diversity Visa Lottery.[121] According to Permanent residence (United States), in 2011 there were 2.7 million entries entered in the Diversity Visa Lottery. So far in 2012, there has been 19.6 million participants.[when?] The numbers increase tremendously each year.

Oceania

[edit]

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Australia
Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006[122]).

The overall level of immigration to Australia has grown substantially during the last decade. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993[123] to 118,000 in 2003–04.[124] The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. The mandatory detention of unauthorised arrivals by boat has generated great levels of controversy. During 2004–05, a total of 123,424 people immigrated to Australia. Of them, 17,736 were from Africa, 54,804 from Asia, 21,131 from Oceania, 18,220 from United Kingdom, 1,506 from South America, and 2,369 from the rest of Europe.[89] 131,000 people migrated to Australia in 2005-06[125] and migration target for 2012–13 is 190,000.[126][127]

Australia and Switzerland, with about a quarter of their population born outside the country, are the two countries with the highest proportion of immigrants in the world.[128]

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to New Zealand

New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies. 23% of the population was born overseas, mainly in Asia, Oceania, and the UK, one of the highest rates in the world.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Eures - Free Movement". European Union. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  2. ^ See, e.g., EU Enlargement in 2007: No Warm Welcome for Labor Migrants, by Catherine Drew and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah, Institute for Public Policy Research
  3. ^ "Independent: "Realism is not racism in the immigration debate"". independent.ie. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  4. ^ ""Italy's Recent Change From An Emigration Country to An Immigration Country and Its Impact on Italy's Refugee and Migration Policy" by Andrea Bertozzi". Cicero Foundation. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  5. ^ "BBC: EU nations clash over immigration". BBC News. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  6. ^ "Deutsche Welle: Germans Consider U.S. Experience in Immigration Debate". Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  7. ^ "BBC: Short History of Immigration". BBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  8. ^ "Japanese Immigration Policy: Responding to Conflicting Pressures". Migration Information Source. November 2006. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  9. ^ "Blue eyes, blond hair: that's US problem, says Japanese minister". The Guardian. 23 March 2007
  10. ^ a b Osaki, Tomohiro (20 March 2014). "Only six asylum seekers accepted by Japan in 2013". The Japan Times. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  11. ^ "Number of Potential Migrants Worldwide Tops 700 Million". Gallup.com. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  12. ^ "Interactive charts by the OECD". OECD Data. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  13. ^ Oishi, Nana (2012). "The Limits of Immigration Policies: The Challenges of Highly Skilled Migration in Japan". American Behavioral Scientist. 56 (8): 1080–1100. doi:10.1177/0002764212441787. S2CID 154641232.
  14. ^ "Japan cries 'Help wanted,' but few foreigners heed the call". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  15. ^ In 2010, the United Arab Emirates's Supreme Court ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he does not leave physical marks.[1]. In Iraq husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom"."Iraqi Penal Code (1969)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  16. ^ in Yemen marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission.[2]
  17. ^ In Jordan, part of article 340 of the Penal Code states that "he who discovers his wife or one of his female relatives committing adultery and kills, wounds, or injures one of them, is exempted from any penalty." Article 98 of the Penal Code is often cited alongside Article 340 in cases of honour killings. "Article 98 stipulates that a reduced sentence is applied to a person who kills another person in a 'fit of fury'".[name="GP">Altstein, Howard; Simon, Rita James (2003). Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. p. 11. ISBN 0-7391-0588-4.] [name="alertnet.org">"Jordan: Special Report on Honour Killings". Retrieved 8 February 2009.]
  18. ^ "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah | Pew Research Centre's Global Attitudes Project". Pewglobal.org. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  19. ^ Gazette, The (9 February 2007). "Charest enters the fray". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  20. ^ Proussalidis, Daniel (31 October 2012). "Immigrants must integrate: Kenney | Canada | News". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  21. ^ "The Seattle Times: 'Honor killing' shakes up Sweden after man slays daughter who wouldn't wed". Sullivan-county.com. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  22. ^ "Migration and Integration - Magazine - Integration Debate - Goethe-Institut". Goethe.de. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  23. ^ ""Honor killing" under growing scrutiny in the U.S." CBS News. 5 April 2012.
  24. ^ "Supporting the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation in the Context of Migration" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  25. ^ "Forced marriage will be a problem for as long as we have mass migration". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012.
  26. ^ "Immigrants exposed to liberal Dutch ways - World news - Europe". NBC News. 16 March 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  27. ^ Walter Laqueur (2003) The History of Zionism Tauris Parke Paperbacks, ISBN 1-86064-932-7 p 40
  28. ^ A national liberation movement: Rockaway, Robert."Zionism: The National Liberation Movement of The Jewish People". Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link), World Zionist Organization, 21 January 1975, accessed 17 August 2006). Shlomo Avineri:("Zionism as a Movement of National Liberation". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link), Hagshama department of the World Zionist Organization, 12 December 2003, accessed 17 August 2006). Neuberger, Binyamin. Zionism - an Introduction Archived 26 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 August 2001. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
  29. ^ "accessed Feb 2009". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  30. ^ "Danny Danon: Send African migrants to Australia". Jerusalem Post. 30 June 2011.
  31. ^ "Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to 3 years". Reuters. 3 June 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Japan paying jobless foreigners to go home". NBC News. 1 April 2009.
  33. ^ a b c "平成20年末現在における外国人登録者統計について(Number of Foreign residents in Japan)". Moj.go.jp. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  34. ^ Japan Immigration, Alien Registration, One-Stop Solution for Corporates and individuals for Immigration procedures Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ 23 Session of the National Diet, Committee on judicial affairs　[3] Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "帰化許可申請者数等の推移". Moj.go.jp. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  37. ^ "United Kingdom population by ethnic group". United Kingdom Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. 1 April 2001. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  38. ^ a b 2008年9月19日－日本での難民申請数　初の1000人突破に関するリリース People seeking refugee status to stay in Japan are more than 1000 this year (September 19, 2008 article) Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Refugees in Japan". Japan Times Online. 12 October 2008.
  40. ^ "At Europe's Door: Black African Migrants Trapped In Hellish Limbo in Morocco". International Business Times. 12 September 2013
  41. ^ De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) Migration and development co-operation.. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
  42. ^ 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
  43. ^ Eurostat News Release on Immigration in EU Archived 7 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Tremlett, Giles (26 July 2006). "Article on Spanish Immigration". Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  45. ^ "Europe: Population and Migration in 2005". Migrationinformation.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  46. ^ "Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  47. ^ "Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  48. ^ "British Immigrants Swamping Spanish Villages?". Bye Bye Blighty article. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  49. ^ Innvandring og innvandrere SSB, retrieved 24 November 2012 Archived 18 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Visa to enter Canada SSB, retrieved 24 November 2012
  51. ^ Kåre Vassenden;Hvor stor er egentlig innvandringen til Norge – nå, før og internasjonalt? SSB, Samfunnsspeilet, retrieved 24 November 2012
  52. ^ 2011 ga nok en gang innvandringsrekord SSB, retrieved 24 November 2012
  53. ^ Folkemengde 1. januar 2011 og 2012 og endringene i 2011, etter innvandringskategori og landbakgrunn. Absolutte tall SSB, retrieved 24 November 2012 Archived 20 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ a b "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2012". Statistics Norway. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  55. ^ "Portugal - Emigration". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  56. ^ Charis Dunn-Chan ,Portugal sees integration progress, BBC
  57. ^ 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are Archived 28 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
  58. ^ "BBC article: Btits Abroad Country by Country". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  59. ^ Marrero, Pilar (9 December 2004). "Immigration Shift: Many Latin Americans Choosing Spain Over U.S." Imdiversity.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  60. ^ "Spain: Immigrants Welcome". Businessweek.com. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  61. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  62. ^ Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2005). "Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  63. ^ Americas Quarterly, Migration: Spain's Reverse Flows, BY Aurora García Ballesteros and Beatriz Cristina Jiménez Blasco, http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/migration-spains-reverse-flows
  64. ^ Anja Eriksson/TT (3 January 2011). "Serber ökade flyktingströmmen". DN.SE. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  65. ^ "Malta has highest per capita rate of asylum applications". timesofmalta.com. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  66. ^ Statistics Sweden. [4] Befolkningsutveckling; födda, döda, in- och utvandring, gifta, skilda 1749–2007 Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^ "Tabeller över Sveriges befolkning 2009 - Statistiska centralbyrån". Scb.se. 24 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  68. ^ Feridun, Mete (2007) Immigration, income and unemployment: an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41 (1). pp. 37-49. ISSN 1548-2278 (doi:10.1353/jda.2008.0014)
  69. ^ Neirynck, Jacques (9 September 2011). "Pour son bien-être, la Suisse doit rester une terre d'immigration". Le Temps (in French). Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  70. ^ "Votation populaire du 28.11.2010: Votation No 552, Tableau récapitulatif" (in French, German, and Italian). Berne, Switzerland: Chancellerie fédérale Suisse. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  71. ^ "UN envoy calls racism in Switzerland a reality". Swissinfo.ch. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo - a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR. 14 January 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  72. ^ Bewes, Diccon (17 November 2010). "Is Switzerland the black sheep of Europe?". Berne, Switzerland. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  73. ^ "UK net immigration up to 237,000". BBC News. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  74. ^ "BBC Thousands in UK citizenship queue". BBC News. 12 February 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  75. ^ a b c "Migration Statistics Quarterly Report May 2012". Office for National Statistics. 24 May 2012.
  76. ^ a b Rogers, Simon (11 December 2012). "Census 2011 mapped and charted: England & Wales in religion, immigration and race". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  77. ^ Population growth of last decade driven by non-white British. The Daily Telegraph. 18 May 2011.
  78. ^ "White ethnic Britons in minority in London". Financial Times. 11 December 2012.
  79. ^ Rodriguez, Olga R. (13 April 2008). "Central America migrant flow to US slows". USA Today. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  80. ^ "Mexico: Caught Between the United States and Central America". By Manuel Ángel Castillo, El Colegio de México.
  81. ^ Hawley, Chris (25 May 2010). "Activists blast Mexico's immigration law". USA Today.
  82. ^ Immigration to the United States
  83. ^ "More Mexicans Leaving Than Coming to the U.S". Pewhispanic.org. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  84. ^ "Immigrants in Canada 2022".
  85. ^ "Canada welcomes highest number of legal immigrants in 50 years while taking action to maintain the integrity of Canada's immigration system". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  86. ^ "Supplementary Information to the 2014 immigration levels plan". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  87. ^ "Canada wants 1 million more immigrants over next 3 years". ABC News.
  88. ^ a b "Inflow of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  89. ^ Lilley, Brian (2010). "Canadians want immigration shakeup". Parliamentary Bureau. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  90. ^ "Canada Welcomes Record Number of Immigrants, Visitors and Students from India in 2012". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  91. ^ Gordon, Julie (May 2022). "Analysis: From boom to glut: Canada's housing plan could backfire on Trudeau". Reuters.
  92. ^ "Opinion: Canada's housing and immigration policies are at odds". The Globe and Mail. 10 April 2023.
  93. ^ "Hamilton, Ont., declares state of emergency over homelessness, opioids, mental health".
  94. ^ "Canada's population grew by record 1 million in 2022, spurred by international migration". CBC News. 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023.
  95. ^ "Ottawa reveals plan to welcome 500,000 immigrants per year by 2025". CBC News. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023.
  96. ^ "Canada's immigration target has nothing to do with McKinsey or its former head, Dominic Barton, says Immigration Minister". The Globe and Mail. 15 February 2023.
  97. ^ "More Canadians are turning to food banks than ever before, new report says". CBC News. 28 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2023.
  98. ^ "Majority of Canadians think immigration should be limited: Poll - National | Globalnews.ca".
  99. ^ "Immigrants explain why they're leaving Canada". 7 November 2023.
  100. ^ a b "A Look at the Record: The Facts Behind the Current Controversy Over Immigration". American Heritage Magazine. 33 (1). December 1981. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
  101. ^ "The People of British America, 1700-1750". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Spring 2003. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010.
  102. ^ Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". Stephen Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
  103. ^ "A Nation of Immigrants Archived 2010-11-29 at the Wayback Machine". American Heritage Magazine. February/March 1994. Volume 45, Issue 1.
  104. ^ Starr, Tena (28 April 2010). "Mexican farmworker's life like living in a "golden cage"". The Chronicle. Barton, Vermont. p. 12.
  105. ^ Clark, William A.V. (2003). Immigrants and the American Dream. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. p. xii-xvii.
  106. ^ "Old fears over new faces", The Seattle Times, 21 September 2006
  107. ^ "Immigration Act of 1924". State.gov. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  108. ^ A Great Depression? Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Steve H. Hanke, Cato Institute
  109. ^ US Immigration History. laws.com retrieved from immigration.laws.com Accessed 30 November 2012.
  110. ^ Stephen Ohlemacher, Number of Immigrants Hits Record 37.5M, Washington Post
  111. ^ "Study: Immigration grows, reaching record numbers". USA TODAY 12 December 2005.
  112. ^ "Immigration surge called 'highest ever' Archived 2013-05-02 at the Wayback Machine". The Washington Times. 12 December 2005.
  113. ^ "United States: Top Ten Sending Countries, By Country of Birth, 1986 to 2006 (table available by menu selection)". Migration Policy Institute. 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  114. ^ Plummer Alston Jones (2004). "Still struggling for equality: American public library services with minorities". Libraries Unlimited. p.154. ISBN 1-59158-243-1
  115. ^ "BBC: Q&A: US immigration debate". BBC News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  116. ^ "Immigrant".
  117. ^ "Nonimmigrant".
  118. ^ "Refugee Resettlement in Metropolitan America". Migration Information Source. March 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  119. ^ Mundra, K. (2010). "Immigrant Networks and the U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income". In Epstein, Gil S.; Gang, Ira N. (eds.). Frontiers of Economics and Globalization. Vol. 8. pp. 357–373. doi:10.1108/S1574-8715(2010)0000008021. ISBN 978-0-85724-153-5. ... this paper finds that the immigrant network effect on trade flows is weakened by the increasing level of immigrant assimilation.
  120. ^ "Entry".
  121. ^ "3412.0 – Migration, Australia, 2005–06" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 29 March 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  122. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, International migration
  123. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics
  124. ^ "Settler numbers on the rise". Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Media Release by Amanda Vanstone. Former Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2003 - 2007). Archived 9 June 2007.
  125. ^ "Targeted migration increase to fill skills gaps". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. 8 May 2012. Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  126. ^ "Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 20. Migration Program Planning Levels". Immi.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  127. ^ (in French) Jacques Neirynck, "Pour son bien-être, la Suisse doit rester une terre d’immigration", Le Temps, 20 September 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Look up immigration by country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Immigration by country.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immigration by country.
Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Immigration.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_by_country&oldid=1252003358"