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Icius insolidus

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Icius insolidus
A spider of the Icius genus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Icius
Species:
I. insolidus
Binomial name
Icius insolidus
(Wesołowska, 1999)
Synonyms[1]
  • Menemerus insolidus Wesołowska, 1999

Icius insolidus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Icius that lives in Namibia and South Africa. First described in 1999 by Wanda Wesołowska and allocated to the genus Menemerus, the species was transferred to its current genus in 2006. It lives in rocky environments, primarily granite rocks and boulders, but also the walls of gardens. It is small spider, with a carapace between 1.8 and 2.4 mm (0.071 and 0.094 in) long and an abdomen is between 1.7 and 2.4 mm (0.067 and 0.094 in). It is very dark brown or black. The male carapace and abdomen have a white stripe down the middle. The female abdomen has a vague leaf-like pattern on it. The male has a prominent tooth on the base of the chelicerae. It is this tooth that helps distinguish the species from others in the genus. The female epigyne has two widely separated rounded depressions. The species lives in nests, and the male and female will often share a nest after mating.

Taxonomy

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Icius insolidus is a species of jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 1999.[1] It was one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist Wesolowska during her career, making her one of the most prolific in the field.[2] She originally allocated the spider to the genus Menemerus. first circumscribed in 1868 by Eugène Simon.[3] The genus name derives from two Greek words, meaning certainly and diurnal.[4] Originally, only the female had been identified. In 2006, when she first described the male, Wesołowska moved the species to the genus Icius on the basis of its chelicerae and the structure of its palpal bulb.[5] Circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1876, the genus has a name that is based on two Greek words that can be translated distinct, or special, face.[6] The genus was provisionally placed alongside Pseudcius, which, despite having superficially similar spelling, has a different etymology.[4][7]

Icius was placed in the tribe Heliophaninae, which was renamed Chrysillini by Wayne Maddison in 2015.[8] The tribe is ubiquitous across most of the continents of the world.[9] It is allocated to the subclade Saltafresia in the clade Salticoida.[10] Chrysillines, which had previously been termed heliophanines, are monophyletic.[10] In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński split the genus from the Chrysillines into a group called Iciines, named after the genus. He stated the split was for practical reasons as Chrysillines had become unwieldy.[11] The species is named for a Latin word that can be translated "undurable".[12]

Description

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Icius insolidus is a small spider. The male has an ovoid moderately high carapace that is between 1.8 and 2.4 mm (0.071 and 0.094 in) long and between 1.3 and 1.9 mm (0.051 and 0.075 in) wide. It is very dark brown, nearly black, with a wide streak down the middle formed of white hairs, stripes on the sides and a scattering of grey hairs on its slopes. The eye field has a few brown bristles and short white hairs around the eyes themselves. The face, the clypeus, is brown and low with sparse white hairs. The mouthparts are brown. The chelicerae have a few white hairs visible on the edges; they are large and unidentate with a very large tooth visible on the inner margin of the base. The maxilae have yellow tips. The sternum, the underside of the carapace, is also brown. The oval abdomen is between 1.7 and 2.4 mm (0.067 and 0.094 in) long and between 1.3 and 1.6 mm (0.051 and 0.063 in) wide. It is black and hairy with a broad streak of white hairs on top and a slightly lighter underside. The spinnerets are dark. The legs are dark brown, the foremost pair being longer than the others. All the legs have long black hairs. The pedipalps are small and dark. The spider has an ovoid palpal bulb with a distinctive lobe to the rear. The embolus is short and there is a single prominent apophysis, or spike, on the pedipalp tibia.[13]

The female is similar in size to the male, with a carapace that is between 2.2 and 2.3 mm (0.087 and 0.091 in) long and typically 1.8 mm (0.071 in) wide and an abdomen between 2.2 and 2.4 mm (0.087 and 0.094 in) long and between 1.5 and 1.6 mm (0.059 and 0.063 in) wide. The carapace is dark brown with thin, dense, black and grey hairs. The black eye field has fawn and grey hairs, with very dark long bristles near the actual eyes. There are small patches of grey hairs between the eyes on the front row and rings of whitish scales around the middle eyes. The clypeus is low and brown. The chelicerae are smaller than the male with two teeth at the rear and one to the front. There is no basal tooth. The labium, maxilae and sternum are brown. The abdomen is dark brown and covered with grey and brown hairs. It has an indistinct leaf-like pattern made of white hairs. The underside is lighter. The spinnerets are greyish brown. The legs are yellow to pale brown, with short pale hairs and long spines. The epigyne has two widely separated rounded depressions. The insemination ducts have thick walls and are heavily sclerotized leading to .[14]

Icius insolidus is externally typical of the genus. The male can be most easily distinguished by the presence of the big tooth on inner margin of the bottom of the chelicerae. The shape of the palpal bulb is also distinctive. The female can be identified by the shape of its eipgyne.[13] The male is particularly similar to the related Icius peculiaris, differing in have a shorter embolus and different shape of lobe on the palpal bulb.[15]

Behaviour

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Jumping spiders are mainly diurnal hunters that uses their good eyesight to spot their prey.[16] Icius insolidus feeds on a range of prey, including bugs, flies, Hymenoptera, tangle-web spiders and wall crab spiders. It does not spin webs. Instead, it will stalk its prey and then pounce. It nests on vertical walls, the female constructing a more substantial nest to the male, often next to each other. The female will undertake a courtship dance for the male, which will respond by mirroring. Mating lasts for about 3 minutes. After mating, the male and female will share the nest.[17] The spider transmits vibratory signals through silk to communicate to other spiders.[18]

Distribution and habitat

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Icius insolidus is considered endemic to southern Africa.[19] The species is found in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa.[1] The holotype is marked that it was discovered in Kimberley in South Africa.[20]Examples were found near Prieska in Northern Cape in 2002.[21] It has subsequently been found in many part of the country, including the areas around Bloemfontein, Brandfort, Fauresmith, Jagersfontein and Philippolis in Free State.[22] Meanwhile, the first examples to be found in Zimbabwe were found in 1998 in suburban Harare.[23] The first specimen to be identified in Namibia was found in the Diamond Area. Examples were also identified in Etosha National Park.[24] Others were discovered near Brandberg Mountain in 2000.[25]

The spider lives in rocky environments, typically on the faces of granite rocks or boulders. It frequently hides in crevices or under ledges.[17] It can also be found on grass tussocks and the surface of soil.[21] In gardens, it is almost exclusively seen on stone, concrete or mortared brick walls.[17] It thrives in these domestic settings, with a long-term sample making 320 observations over a nine-year period.[26]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2017). "Icius insolidus (Wesolowska, 1999)". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  2. ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
  3. ^ Wesołowska 1999, p. 252.
  4. ^ a b Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 128.
  5. ^ Wesołowska 2006, pp. 236–237.
  6. ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 127.
  7. ^ Maddison, Bodner & Needham 2008, p. 56.
  8. ^ Maddison 2015, p. 231.
  9. ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
  10. ^ a b Maddison 2015, p. 278.
  11. ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 25.
  12. ^ Wesołowska 1999, p. 300.
  13. ^ a b Wesołowska 2006, p. 235.
  14. ^ Wesołowska 2006, pp. 235–236.
  15. ^ Wesołowska & Tomasiewicz 2008, p. 20.
  16. ^ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 33.
  17. ^ a b c Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 192.
  18. ^ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 34.
  19. ^ Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2021, p. 23.
  20. ^ Wesołowska 1999, p. 299.
  21. ^ a b Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, p. 76.
  22. ^ Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, p. 75.
  23. ^ Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, pp. 168, 192.
  24. ^ Wesołowska 2006, p. 236.
  25. ^ Wesołowska 2006, p. 234.
  26. ^ Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 227.

Bibliography

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