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Ibrahim George Kheiralla

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Ibrahim George Kheiralla
إبراهيم جورج خير الله
Kheiralla around 1896
Born11 November 1849
Mount Lebanon, Sidon Eyalet of Beirut, Ottoman Empire
Died6 March 1929(1929-03-06) (aged 79)
Beirut, Lebanon

Ibrahim George Kheiralla (11 November 1849 - 6 March 1929; Arabic: إبراهيم جورج خير الله), born in the Sidon Eyalet of Beirut of the Ottoman Empire, was a co-founder of the first American Baháʼí community, along with Anton Haddad. He was born to a Christian family in a village on Mount Lebanon in 1849 and later studied at the Syrian Protestant College in Beirut.[1]

Conversion and emigration

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Ibrahim George Kheiralla converted to the Baháʼí Faith while living in Egypt in 1889 when he met Hájí ʻAbdu'l-Karím-i-Tihrání. Kheiralla went through Europe and eventually came to the United States in late 1892 where he joined Anton Haddad, the first Baháʼí to come to America.[2][3] Initially, Kheiralla settled in New York. He visited Charles Augustus Briggs and others, as well as the Syrian community in New York.[2]

In 1894 Kheiralla moved on to Chicago following the interest fostered by the World's Columbian Exposition's World Parliament of Religions. In Chicago he taught "Truth Seeker" classes. One of the early converts while Kheiralla was in Chicago was Thornton Chase, who had read the presentation about the Baháʼís at the Exposition, and is generally considered the first Baháʼí convert in the West. Other individuals had converted, but none remained members of the religion.[4] Researcher Robert Stockman considers Chase's importance as an early North American Baháʼí thinker, publicist, administrator, and organizer is still underappreciated and that in many ways Chase's death left a gap in the North American Baháʼí community that remained unfilled until the rise to prominence in the early 1920s of Horace Holley, the chief developer of Baháʼí organization in the United States and Canada.[5] Another to join the religion from Kheiralla's early classes was Howard MacNutt, who would later compile The Promulgation of Universal Peace, a prominent collection of the addresses of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during his journeys in America. Both men were designated as "Disciples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá" and "Heralds of the Covenant" by Shoghi Effendi.[6] Another student of the classes and Disciple was Lua Getsinger, designated as the "mother teacher of the West".[7] Another who "passed" the class and joined the religion was the maverick Honoré Jackson.[2] Kheiralla moved once again, to Kenosha, Wisconsin, in 1895, where a large Baháʼí community soon developed.[8]

Because of his success promulgating the Baháʼí Faith in North America, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá titled Kheiralla "Bahá's Peter," "the Second Columbus" and "Conqueror of America."[1][9] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá would write a Tablet to Ibráhím George Kheiralla.[10]

Pilgrimage and return to America

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In 1898, Kheiralla undertook a Baháʼí pilgrimage to Palestine to meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá with other American pilgrims, including Phoebe Hearst, Lua Getsinger and May Boles.[11][12][13] In Akka, Kheiralla witnessed first hand the conflict between ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and his brothers. Upon his return to America in 1899, Kheiralla began to announce his avowed leadership of Western Baháʼís independent of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá[2] and authored a book, Beha'u'llah,[14] wherein he states his belief that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was equal in rank to his brothers Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, Ḍíyáʼu'lláh, and Badiʻu'lláh. Early after the return to America, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá sent, first, Anton Haddad with a letter contesting the definition of leadership, then Kheiralla's initial teacher of the religion, ʻAbdu'l-Karím-i-Tihrání, to confront him.[2] The conflict made the newspapers.[15] Ultimately, in the conflict between ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, Kheiralla sided with the latter for which he was declared a Covenant-breaker.[8][9]

Kheiralla would go on to form the "Society of Behaists," which would later be led by Shua Ullah Behai and eventually become defunct. Kheiralla had three children, two daughters who were named Nabeeha and Labiba, and a son named George Ibrahim Kheirallah who converted to Islam in the 1930s, becoming active in the Islamic Society of New York,[16] and translated and published some poems of Khalil Gibran.[17] Ibrahim George Kheiralla passed away in 1929.[18]

Works

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References

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  1. ^ a b Browne, Edward G. (1918). Materials for the study of the Bábí religion. Cambridge, UK: Digitally Reprinted. H-Bahai: East Lansing, Michigan, 2002. pp. 115–137.
  2. ^ a b c d e Stockman, Robert (1985). The Baha'i Faith in America. Vol. 1, Origins 1892-1900. Wilmette, Il.: Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-199-X.
  3. ^ Haddad, Anton F. (1902). "An Outline of the Bahai Movement in the United States". Unpublished academic articles and papers. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
  4. ^ Stockman, Robert H. (2001). "The Search Ends". Thornton Chase: First American Baháʼí. Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust. ISBN 978-0877432821.
  5. ^ Stockman, Robert H. (2009). "Chase, Thornton (1847-1912)". Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project. Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States.
  6. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Disciples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 122. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  7. ^ Smith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 177. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  8. ^ a b Smith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p. 218. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
  9. ^ a b Balyuzi, H.M. (2001). ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh (Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-043-8.
  10. ^ Abdu'l-Bahá (1900). "Tablet to Ibráhím George Kheiralla". Baháʼí Online Library. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  11. ^ Sandra Hutchinson; Richard Hollinger (2006). "Women in the North American Baha'i Community". In Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (eds.). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories. Indiana University Press. pp. 776–786. ISBN 0-253-34687-8.
  12. ^ Nakhjavani, Violette (1996). Maxwells of Montreal, The. George Ronald. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-85398-551-8.
  13. ^ Robinson, Judith (1991), The Hearsts, University of Delaware Press, pp. 311–312, ISBN 0-87413-383-1
  14. ^ Kheiralla, Ibrahim George (1900). Beha 'u'llah. Chicago: Reprinted. H-Bahai: Lansing, Michigan, 2004.
  15. ^ * "Abdel Karin arrived at Chicago…". Marshall County Independent. Plymouth, Indiana. 15 Jun 1900. p. 2. Retrieved Oct 8, 2015.
  16. ^ Bowen, Patrick D. (August 27, 2015). A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States, Volume 1: White American Muslims before 1975. Brill. p. 261. ISBN 978-9004300699.
  17. ^ Suheil Bushrui; Joe Jenkins (18 October 2014). Kahlil Gibran: Man and Poet. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-732-3.
  18. ^ Hollinger, Richard (1984). "Ibrahim George Kheiralla and the Baha'i Faith in America". In Momen, Moojan; Cole, Juan R. I. (eds.). From Iran East and West. Los Angeles, CA: Kalimat Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-933770-40-5.
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