Hypomyces

Hypomyces
	Hypomyces lactifluorum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Sordariomycetes
Order:	Hypocreales
Family:	Hypocreaceae
Genus:	Hypomyces; (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1860)
Type species
	Hypomyces lactifluorum; (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul.

Hypomyces is a genus of parasitic ascomycete fungi found in Europe, North America, Australia, and parts of China. The genus contains 53 species.^[1] Better known species include the lobster mushroom (Hypomyces lactifluorum) and the bolete eater (Hypomyces chrysospermus).

List of noteworthy species

H. cervinigenus - on Helvella lacunosa.^[2]
H. chrysospermus - Bolete Eater, Cask fungus (Eurasia, Western Australia, North America)
H. hyalinus - Amanita "mold" (North America)
H. lactifluorum - Lobster mushroom (North America)
H. lateritius - Ochre gillgobbler, pathogen of Lactarius species.
H. luteovirens - Yellow-green Russula "mold" (North America)
H. transformans - Ramaria Eater (North America)

Ecology

All Hypomyces species live as parasites on other fungi. The fruiting bodies of hypomyces are inconspicuous and generally consist of a cystic shell that is only about 1 mm in diameter and height. These fruiting bodies often cluster on the fruiting bodies of other host fungi, transforming the shape and color of the host into something different from the host's original appearance. The most commonly recognized form is the one in which the host's fruiting body is integrated with the cystic shell of the hypomyces.

Shape

The individual fungi bodies are finely grained, and many of them exhibit long, narrow ellipsoids under magnification. Their diameter and height are usually about 1 to 2 mm. In general, hyphae are spread on the surface of a host fruit body and buried in the mycelium to form a large number of fruiting bodies. These can be yellow, white, olive, tan, pink or red, and present within the host or in the hypha mat.

The individual fruiting bodies are microscopically granular, and under a magnifying glass, many of them show elongated ellipsoid shapes, and are usually only 1–2 mm in diameter and height. Generally, hyphae are spread on the surface of a host fruiting body and buried in the mycelium to form a large number of fruiting bodies. The color of the fruiting bodies themselves or the mycelial mat covering the host surface can be yellow, white, olive, yellowish brown, pink, or red. Countless of asci form inside each fruiting body, which are then ejected into the outside world through the hole at the tip of the fruiting body.

The asci formed inside the fruiting body is elongated and cylindrical, with a dome-shaped structure called the "apical cap" at the tip. Eight spores are formed inside each ascus. The spores are generally somewhat angular and ellipsoid, and in many species are separated by a single septum, usually colorless to pale yellow, with thick cell walls and wart-like or bump-like patterns on the surface. Some species have horn-shaped or cap-shaped "appendages" at both ends of the spores.

Life cycle

Most species reproduce asexually. Asexual regeneration spores are generally referred to as thick-wall spores, as they have thick cell walls presumably to maintain a system of dormancy and endurance. Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms of spore reproduction, specifically the methods used to find and infest hosts is largely unknown.

Hosts

Each species of fungus in the genus Hypomyces has a general preference for the type of host it prefers.

In addition to afflicting terrestrial mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Russula, Lactarius, Lactifluus, Suillus, Xerocomus, and Boletus, other fungi that form hard, cork-like fruiting bodies on trees, such as [[Trametes]] and Stereum, can also serve as hosts.

Auricularia auricula-judae that produce colloidal fruiting bodies, and Pezizaceae belonging to the ascomycote fungi (e.g., Helvella, Humaria, and Leotia) are also known to serve as hosts.

When infected by Hypomyces, the cap, or pileus of Amanita mushrooms do not develop properly, instead becoming deformed and stunted, often resembling human male genitalia. In those of the genus Russula, the gaps between the folds of the host's lamella are filled with mycelium of Hypomyces, showing ridged marks. In the genera Xerocomus, and Boletus, the development of the mushroom cap is often suppressed and the tubular pores formed on the underside of the host's lamellae are also filled with mycelium of Hypomyces. In any case, the host mushroom's own spore formation and dispersal are hindered, or entirely prevented from occurring.

Distribution

Species of Hypomyces have been found in Europe, North America, Australia, and parts of China. There are at least 19 species recorded in Japan.

Edibility

Hypomyces lactifluorum, whose main hosts are Russula and Lactifluus, is commonly called lobster mushroom in North America and United Kingdom. Depending on the type of mushroom that was parasitized, the cap may be very bitter, and in some cases inedible. If edible, it is often eaten stewed in cream sauce, fried, as a salad ingredient, or as an ingredient in pasta dishes. This species is also found in Japan.

Other species

References

^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 815–16. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.

External links

Media related to Hypomyces at Wikimedia Commons

[Kirk2008-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[arora86-2] Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 815–16. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.

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