Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism

Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
Specialty	Endocrinology

Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism is an endocrine situation and subtype of hypergonadism in which both gonadotropin levels and gonadal function, such as sex hormone production, are abnormally high. It can be associated with hyperandrogenism and hyperestrogenism and with gonadal cysts and tumors.^[1] It can be caused by medications such as gonadotropins,^[2] gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, nonsteroidal antiandrogens,^[3]^[4] and selective estrogen receptor modulators, as well as conditions like human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, and estrogen insensitivity syndrome.^[5]

References

^ Andrew N. Margioris; George P. Chrousos (20 April 2001). Adrenal Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-1-59259-101-5.
^ K. Lissak (6 December 2012). Hormones and Brain Function. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-1-4684-2007-4.
^ E.E. Müller (6 December 2012). Peptides and Non Peptides of Oncologic and Neuroendocrine Relevance: From Basic to Clinical Research. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-88-470-2085-6. Pure anti-androgens can be given as monotherapy in the attempt to avoid the side effects caused by androgen-suppressive therapies (loss of libido, impotency, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, decrease of muscle mass and tone, progressive anaemia, asthenia, and depression) (Tyrrell, 1992). The use of these compounds in patients with intact gonads induces a condition of hypergonadotrophic hypergonadism, which allows high circulating levels of testosterone to be maintained.
^ Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E (November 1984). "Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones in normal men". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59 (5): 963–9. doi:10.1210/jcem-59-5-963. PMID 6237116. Since FLU is devoid of intrinsic hormonal activity, its antiandrogenic property leads to increased serum testosterone (T) levels and elevated gonadotropin values. The effect of this unique endocrine situation, which may be described as "hypergonadotropic hypergonadism."
^ Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press. 12 December 2005. pp. 627–. ISBN 978-0-08-053527-2.

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[MargiorisChrousos2001-1] Andrew N. Margioris; George P. Chrousos (20 April 2001). Adrenal Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 298–. ISBN 978-1-59259-101-5.

[Lissak2012-2] K. Lissak (6 December 2012). Hormones and Brain Function. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-1-4684-2007-4.

[Müller2012-3] E.E. Müller (6 December 2012). Peptides and Non Peptides of Oncologic and Neuroendocrine Relevance: From Basic to Clinical Research. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-88-470-2085-6. Pure anti-androgens can be given as monotherapy in the attempt to avoid the side effects caused by androgen-suppressive therapies (loss of libido, impotency, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, decrease of muscle mass and tone, progressive anaemia, asthenia, and depression) (Tyrrell, 1992). The use of these compounds in patients with intact gonads induces a condition of hypergonadotrophic hypergonadism, which allows high circulating levels of testosterone to be maintained.

[pmid6237116-4] Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E (November 1984). "Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones in normal men". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59 (5): 963–9. doi:10.1210/jcem-59-5-963. PMID 6237116. Since FLU is devoid of intrinsic hormonal activity, its antiandrogenic property leads to increased serum testosterone (T) levels and elevated gonadotropin values. The effect of this unique endocrine situation, which may be described as "hypergonadotropic hypergonadism."

[AcademicPress2005-5] Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press. 12 December 2005. pp. 627–. ISBN 978-0-08-053527-2.

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See also

References