Hygrocybe citrinovirens
| Citrine waxcap | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hygrophoraceae |
| Genus: | Hygrocybe |
| Species: | H. citrinovirens
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| Binomial name | |
| Hygrocybe citrinovirens (J.E.Lange) Jul.Schäff. (1947)
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| Synonyms | |
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Hygrocybe citrinovirens is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap.[2] The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The species was first described from Denmark in 1923 by mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange as Camarophyllus citrinovirens.[3] Julius Schäffer transferred it to the genus Hygrocybe in 1947.[4]
Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Hygrocybe citrinovirens is distinct and belongs in Hygrocybe sensu stricto.[5]
Description
[edit]Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 130mm (5 in) tall, the cap conical at first, retaining an acute or distinct umbo when expanded, up to 90mm (3 in) across, often splitting at the margins. The cap surface is smooth, dry, and radially fibrillose, greenish yellow to lemon-yellow. The lamellae (gills) are waxy, white to pale cap-coloured. The stipe (stem) is smooth, often compressed and grooved or splitting, pale cap-coloured, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, ellipsoid, c. 6.5 to 8.5 by 5 to 6μm.[6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The Citrine Waxcap is widespread but generally rare throughout Europe, with the largest populations in the north west of the continent.[1] Like other waxcaps, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). In North America, the rare Hygrocybe virescens is similar to H. citrinovirens, but more distinctly green.[6]
Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.[7]
Conservation
[edit]Hygrocybe citrinovirens is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] Hygrocybe citrinovirens also appears on the official or provisional national red lists of threatened fungi in several European countries, including Croatia,[8] Denmark,[9] Finland,[8] Germany,[10] Norway,[8] and Sweden.[8]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Kautmanova, I.; Knutsson, T.; Krikorev, M.; Læssøe, T.; von Bonsdorff, T. (2015). "Hygrocybe citrinovirens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T70406652A70406717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T70406652A70406717.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
- ^ Lange JE. (1923). "Studies in the Agarics of Denmark. V. Ecological notes. The Hygrophorei, Stropharia and Hypholoma. Supplementary notes to Parts I–II". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 4 (4): 1–55 (see p. 20).
- ^ Schäffer J. (1947). "Beobachtungen an oberbayerischen Blätterpilzen". Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 27: 201–225.
- ^ Lodge DJ; et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0. S2CID 220615978.
- ^ a b Boertmann D. (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
- ^ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028. S2CID 318326.
- ^ a b c d "National red Lists". Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ "Den danske rødliste: Hygrocybe citrinovirens". Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ "Red List: Hygrocybe citrinovirens". Rote Liste Zentrum. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
