Hydreliox
Hydreliox is an exotic breathing gas mixture of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen.[1][2] For the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) mission at 50 atmospheres of ambient pressure, the mixture used was 49% hydrogen, 50.2% helium, and 0.8% oxygen.[3]
It is used primarily for research and scientific deep diving, usually below 130 metres (430 ft). Below this depth, extended breathing of heliox gas mixtures may cause high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS).[4] Two gas mixtures exist that attempt to combat this problem: trimix and hydreliox. Like trimix, hydreliox contains helium and oxygen and a third gas to counteract HPNS. The third gas in trimix is nitrogen and the third gas in hydreliox is hydrogen. Because hydrogen is the lightest gas, it is easier to breathe than nitrogen under high pressure. To avoid the risk of explosion, as a rule of thumb hydrogen is only considered for use in breathing mixtures if the proportion of oxygen in the mixture is less than 5%. However, the pressure during the dive must be such that the partial pressure of 5% oxygen is sufficient to sustain the diver. (The flammability of the mixture also depends to some degree on the pressure)[5]
The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) of the Comex S.A., industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater (msw/fsw) in the Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) programme.[6][7] Hydreliox has been tested in 1992 to a simulated depth of 701 metres (2,300 ft) by COMEX S.A. diver Théo Mavrostomos in an on-shore hyperbaric chamber as part of the Hydra X (Hydra 10) programme.[8] The Hydra X team Théo Mavrostomos belonged to spent 3 days at the simulated 675 metres (2,215 ft) depth. After the rest of this team were held incapacitated at 675 m depth, Mavrostomos took a short 2-hour excursion at the simulated 701 metres (2,300 ft) depth, and took 43 days to complete the record experimental dive.[9][10][11] Although breathing hydreliox improves the symptoms seen in HPNS, tests have shown that hydrogen narcosis becomes a factor at depths of 500 metres (1,600 ft).[2][12][13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Fife, WP (1979). "The use of Non-Explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen for diving". Texas A&M University Sea Grant. TAMU-SG-79-201.
- ^ a b Rostain, JC; Gardette-Chauffour, MC; Lemaire, C; Naquet, R (1988). "Effects of a H2-He-O2 mixture on the HPNS up to 450 msw". Undersea Biomedical Research. 15 (4): 257–70. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 3212843. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Hydreliox". Termium Plus (government of Canada). 8 October 2009. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Hunger Jr, WL; Bennett, Peter B (1974). "The causes, mechanisms and prevention of the high pressure nervous syndrome". Undersea Biomedical Research. 1 (1): 1–28. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 4619860. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Larry "Harris" Taylor, Ph.D. "Diving With Gas Mixes Other Than Air". Author preprint; the article was published in Watersport.
- ^ "Extreme Environment Engineering Departement Hyperbaric Experimental Centre - History". Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ Tara Patel (3 October 1992). "Technology: Hydrogen helps divers take a deep breath". New Scientist. No. 1841. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
- ^ Lafay, V; Barthelemy, P; Comet, B; Frances, Y; Jammes, Y (March 1995). "ECG changes during the experimental human dive HYDRA 10 (71 atm/7,200 kPa)". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 22 (1): 51–60. PMID 7742710. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ staff (28 November 1992). "Technology: Dry run for deepest dive". New Scientist. No. 1849. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
- ^ Portrait of Theo Mavrotomos, legend and diving recordman
- ^ How Deep Can We Go? by Dennis Guichard December 4th, 2022
- ^ Abraini, JH; Gardette-Chauffour, MC; Martinez, E; Rostain, JC; Lemaire, C (1994). "Psychophysiological reactions in humans during an open sea dive to 500 m with a hydrogen-helium-oxygen mixture". Journal of Applied Physiology. 76 (3). American Physiological Society: 1113–8. doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1113. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 8005852. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ COMEX PRO