Humanitarian daily ration
Humanitarian daily rations (HDRs, "humrats") are food rations manufactured in the United States intended to be supplied to civilians and other non-military personnel in humanitarian crises.[1][2] Each is intended to serve as a single person's full daily food supply, and contains somewhat over 2,200 calories (9,200 kJ). They have shelf-lives of about 3 years, and their contents are designed to be acceptable to a variety of religious and ethnic groups. The meals cost approximately one-fifth of the cost of a Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE),[3] or US$4.70 in 2012.[4] The rations were first used in Bosnia in 1993 as part of Operation Provide Promise.[5]
The meals are designed to be able to survive being air-dropped without a parachute.[3] This is safer for refugees than parachuting large pallets of rations, as well as preventing meal hoarding by those able to seize a single, large delivery.
HDRs are made available through organizations such as The Salvation Army to aid victims of poverty in the United States, and were distributed during Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita to victims of the disasters by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[citation needed]
Background
[edit]Before HDR was made available, the United States provided military Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MREs) to famine victims. Aid agencies complained that the MREs were too high in protein, indigestible, and violated religious taboos. In some cases, famine victims went into shock (see refeeding syndrome) after eating large MRE meals.[6]: 9 By the time of the creation of HDR, the Department of Defense had almost depleted its stock of MREs in the post-Gulf War period, having distributed 53 million MREs between 1990 and 1993. The end of the Cold War caused reductions in military funding, prompting the DoD to rethink its approach on aid. Furthermore, MRE producers found the profit in producing MRE "marginal" and wanted to expand to foreign and civilian markets. The HDR provided a solution to all these problems: it is safe to provide to famine victims, cheap enough to distribute broadly, and provides a large potential market to contractors.[6]: 9–10
Packaging and distribution
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The HDR packages are delivered in cases of packages. Each contains a small selection of food items based on predetermined menus, and an accessory pack containing red pepper, pepper, salt, sugar, spoon, matches, an alcohol-free moist towelette, and a napkin.[7][8]
HDRs are typically air-dropped into the disaster area on large pallets. From the time they were created and used in 1993 until November 2001, HDRs were packaged with a bright yellow outer plastic covering. This choice of color proved to be problematic in areas of the world where cluster bombs were being used, as the bombs were the same shade of yellow. Recipients of the rations sometimes confused the ration package for undetonated cluster bombs, often spotting the bright color from a distance and making an incorrect assumption. [7][9] This prompted the United States Federal Government to reissue the packages with a deep salmon pink outer covering to distinguish them from the bombs. This color has been used in the HDR manufacturing process ever since. Later packages were covered in salmon colored foil.[10]
HDRs produced by the United States are manufactured by the same companies that produce MREs designed for the United States Armed Forces. Like MREs, the food components are designed so they can be consumed without requiring additional preparation, including cooking. They do not include flameless ration heaters, which are found in MREs.
Typical contents
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There are five menus of HDR. Each menu contains three sub-menus, printed as list-of-content A, B, and C on the packet. Each HDR packet randomly contains two of the sub-menus.[11]
- Main entrée, two of:
- Lentil or barley stew
- Yellow or herb rice
- Red beans and rice
- Beans and rice with tomato sauce
- Peas in tomato sauce
- Beans with potatoes
- Shortbread
- Fig bar
- Vegetable crackers
- Peanut butter (replaced by sunflower butter as of 2021)[12]
- Strawberry jam
- Fruit pastry (much like a Pop-tart)
- Accessory Pack containing:
- Book of matches (unprinted)
- Salt, pepper, and sugar packets
- Packet of crushed red pepper
- Moist towelette (alcohol-free)
- Paper napkin
- Plastic spoon
Specifications
[edit]| Shelf life | 36 months at 80 °F (27 °C) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 30 ounces (850 g) | ||||||||||||
| Calories | ≥ 2,200 calories (9,200 kJ) | ||||||||||||
| Nutrition |
For micronutrients, see full Technical Data.[1] | ||||||||||||
| Prohibited contents | The HDR is designed to "provide the widest possible acceptance from the variety of potential consumers with diverse religious and dietary restrictions from around the world".[13]
| ||||||||||||
| Infant component | All rations contain a fruit paste, or pudding, suitable for feeding to infants | ||||||||||||
| Utensils | All rations contain a spoon and a paper towel moistened with a non-toxic, non-alcoholic cleanser |
Deployments
[edit]In Bosnia, 1993, HDRs saw its first use in Operation Provide Promise, which delivered "hundreds of thousands of HDR's".[5] By 2003, at least 12.4 million HDRs had been distributed.[6]: 26
| Year | Count | Location | Intended recipient | Distributor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | ? | Bosnia | Civilian | French and US aircraft, airdrop |
| 1993 | 0 | India | Earthquake victims | None; rejected by Indian government because "not needed" |
| 1994 | ? | DR Congo | Rwandan refugees | US military, airdrop |
| 1995 | 118,000 | Cambodia | Khmer Rouge defectors and displaced persons | Cambodian Red Cross, changed to Royal Cambodian Armed Forces due to theft |
| 1995–1996 | 530,000 | Chechnya | Civilians recovering from First Chechen War | World Food Program (WFP) |
| 1997 | 50,000 | Somalia | Victims of Juba valley flooding | Concern Worldwide (NGO), contracted by UNICEF |
| 1998 | 200,000 | Fiji | Schoolchildren under prolonged drought | Fiji Red Cross |
| 1999–2000 | 30,000 | Kosovo | Civilians under Serbian blockade | International Rescue Committee (airdrop); the WFP had ~700,000 in stockpile for when land route clears |
| 1999 | 60,000 | Guinea | Sierra Leone refugees | WFP, UNICEF, UNHCR and several NGOs |
| 1999–2000 | 300,000 | East Timor | Civilians (refugee flows, flooding, ethnic violence) | WFP, Australian Defence Force |
| 2000 | ~40,000 | Eritrea | Internally displaced persons | WFP |
| 2001 | 2,440,920 | Afghanistan | Civilians | US military (number from 2003 source) |
| 2001 | ? | Guinea | Refugees from Nongoa region | NGOs, via the WFP |
| 2010 | ? | Haiti | Earthquake victims | WFP[14] |
United States program in Afghanistan
[edit]On October 15, 2001, the United States announced a humanitarian daily ration for Afghanistan.[15]
On October 24, 2001, Rear Admiral John Stufflebeem announced fears that the Taliban planned to poison American food aid.[16] Stufflebeem also said that since the program started on October 7, 2001 the United States had dropped 785,000 rations.[17]
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c "TECHNICAL DATA FOR HUMANITARIAN DAILY RATION" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ Judith McCallum (Winter 2001). "Humanitarian Daily Rations: Being Ready is Half the Battle" (PDF). Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Retrieved October 18, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ a b c . "Humanitarian Daily Rations" (PDF). DSCA. Retrieved April 14, 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ PROGRAMS DIRECTORATE HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, DISASTER RELIEF & MINE ACTION DIVISION (July 2012). "Humanitarian Daily Ration (HDR)" (PDF). dsca.mil.
- ^ a b
"MEMORANDUM FOR CORRESPONDENTS". United States Department of Defense. August 2, 1995. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
Hundreds of thousands of HDR's were first air-dropped over isolated Bosnian enclaves on November 22, 1993, as part of the humanitarian relief effort PROVIDE PROMISE. Since then, the food packets have fed thousands of refugees worldwide.
- ^ a b c d Sklaver, Benjamin A. (2003). Humanitarian Daily Rations: a decade of experience and new directions (PDF) (MA thesis). Tufts University.
- ^ a b "Humanitarian Daily Rations (HDRs)". mreinfo.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
- ^ a b "Operational Rations". dla.mil. Defense Logistics Agency. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ Majewski, Albin R. (Winter 2001). "The Alphabet Soup of Combat Rations". quartermaster.army.mil. United States Army. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ Dugan, Bill. "MICA Flex Studio 4th group". billdugan.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
- ^ "Humanitarian Daily Ration (HDRs)". MRE Info.
There are five different menus of HDRs. With a case of 10 HDRs, you'll have two of each type of HDR available. Depending on the HDR manufacturer (Ameriqual, Sopakco, or Wornick), each HDR type could have one of three lists of contents – A, B, or C. For example, if you had a case of HDR, you would get 10 HDRs – two from each menu. However, it's a toss-up as to whether (for example with Menu 1) you'd get Bean Salad, Barley Stew, or Beans & Rice. This was a little confusing for me at first – just by looking at the menu, you'd think each HDR bag would contain meals A, B, and C. But I can assure you that's not how it works.
- ^ Steve1989MREInfo (May 1, 2023). "2021 HDR Humanitarian Daily Ration Menu 1 & 2 Review 24 Hour MRE Tasting Test". YouTube. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) – sunflower butter at 02:50 - ^ a b "Operational Rations of the Department of Defense, PAM 30-25" (PDF) (9th ed.). United States Department of Defense Combat Feeding Directorate. October 2012. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
- ^ "What's in a Humanitarian Daily Ration (HDR)? | World Food Programme". www.wfp.org.
- ^ "Humanitarian Aid to the Afghan People: Issued by the Office of International Information Programs October 15, 2001". United States Department of State. October 15, 2001. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
- ^ "Defense Dept. Says Taliban May Attempt to Poison Afghan Food Aid". bangkok.usembassy.gov. October 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
- ^ Kellerhals, Merle D. Jr. (October 25, 2001). "Defense Dept. Says Taliban May Attempt to Poison Afghan Food Aid". GlobalSecurity.org. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on December 21, 2001. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
External links
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