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Home ownership in Australia

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Percentage of dwellings owned outright in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census
Percentage of dwellings owned with a mortgage in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census
An Old English-style family home in suburban Sydney

Home ownership in Australia is considered a key cultural icon,[1] and part of the Australian tradition known as the Great Australian Dream of "owning a detached house on a fenced block of land."[1][2] Home ownership has been seen as creating a responsible citizenry; according to a former Premier of Victoria:[who?] "The home owner feels that he has a stake in the country, and that he has something worth working for, living for, fighting for."[3]

In 2016 there were about 9.9 million private dwellings in Australia,[4] each with, on average, 2.6 occupants.[5] In 1966 about 70% of dwellings were owner-occupied[6] – one of the largest proportions of any country. The remainder were rented dwellings. About half of the owner-occupied dwellings were under mortgage.[6]

Owner-occupied housing in Australia is not treated as an investment asset. Mortgage interest is not tax deductible as, for example, in the United States. An owner-occupied residential home is not subject to the capital gains tax on sale and is not counted in the assets test for Centrelink pension purposes. It is also not taxed for land tax, although such taxes are traditionally determined at a state level.

In the past, home ownership has been described as equalising; in postwar Australia, immigrant Australians could often buy homes as quickly as native-born Australians.[2] Additionally, Australian suburbs have been more socio-economically mixed than those in America and to a lesser extent Britain. In Melbourne, for instance, one early observer noted that "a poor house stands side by side with a good house."[2]

There are significant regional differences in rates of homeownership around Australia, reflecting average age differences (e.g., older age people tend to own houses more than younger people), as well as socio-economic differences.[7]

Statistics

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In the 2015–16 Survey of Income and Housing, it was found that an estimated 30% of households owned their homes outright (i.e. without a mortgage) and 37% were owners with a mortgage. A further 25% were renting from a private landlord and 4% were renting from a state or territory housing authority.[8]

Between June 1995 and June 2015, the proportion of households without a mortgage declined from 42% to 31%, while the proportion with a mortgage rose from 30% to 36%.[7] Since 1999-2000 the proportion of households renting from state/territory housing authorities has declined from 6% to 3% while the proportion renting privately increased from 20% to 26% in 2019-20.[9] While a greater proportion of all renting households are renting from private landlords, there is an increased number of private renters receiving Commonwealth rent assistance.[6][10]

Home ownership in Australia decreased to 67% in 2011, the lowest level in over 50 years. Tasmania has the highest home-ownership rate at 70%, and the Northern Territory the lowest at 46%.[5]

As of the 2016 Census, home ownership in Australia had decreased to 65%.[11]

Property as an investment

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The 25% of dwellings which are rented by private landlords may be considered income-producing or investment properties, and the private landlords as investors, though some owner-occupiers may also view their dwellings as investments. Private landlords generally collect rent from a tenant as taxable income, whilst an owner-occupier derives imputed rent from living in the dwelling, and is also not subject to capital gains tax. Similarly, the investor can claim expenses relating to the property, including property taxes, interest and depreciation, whilst the owner-occupier cannot. The rent paid by a tenant for private or domestic purposes is not generally an allowable deduction of the tenant, nor are any expenses relating to the property. [citation needed]

A property investor can utilise calculations such as the Land-to-Asset Ratio. The land-to-asset ratio is a real estate valuation measure that compares the value of the land on which a property stands to the total value of the property - including the land, buildings, and any improvements. This ratio is particularly useful to property investors and agents as it helps determine the intrinsic value a piece of land holds in a property, thereby influencing its potential for appreciation and impact on returns.

The formula for calculating the land-to-asset ratio is very straightforward: Land-to-Asset Ratio = (Value of Land / Total Value of Property) * 100%

Affordability

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Further information: Australian property bubble
A modern single family Australian home in East Killara, New South Wales

Home ownership in Australia is becoming more exclusive. The ratio of the price of the average home to Australians' average income was at an all-time high in the late 1990s.[12] Young people are buying homes at the lowest rates ever, and changes in work patterns are reducing many households' ability to retain their homes.[13]

Characteristics

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New homes have increased in size [14] and hold fewer people on average than in the past.[15] The proportion of houses with four or more bedrooms increased from 15% in 1971 to greater than 30% in 2001.[16]

Immigration to Australia

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A number of economists, such as Macquarie Bank analyst Rory Robertson, assert that high immigration and the propensity of new arrivals to cluster in the capital cities is exacerbating the nation's housing affordability problem.[17] According to Robertson, Federal Government policies that fuel demand for housing, such as the currently high levels of immigration, as well as capital gains tax discounts and subsidies to boost fertility, have had a greater impact on housing affordability than land release on urban fringes.[18]

The Productivity Commission Inquiry Report No. 28 First Home Ownership (2004) also stated, in relation to housing, "that Growth in immigration since the mid-1990s has been an important contributor to underlying demand, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne."[19] This has been exacerbated by Australian lenders relaxing credit guidelines for temporary residents, allowing them to buy a home with a 10 percent deposit.

The RBA in its submission to the same PC Report also stated "rapid growth in overseas visitors such as students may have boosted demand for rental housing".[19] However, in question in the report was the statistical coverage of resident population. The "ABS population growth figures omit certain household formation groups – namely, overseas students and business migrants who do not continuously stay for 12 months in Australia."[19] This statistical omission lead to the admission: "The Commission recognises that the ABS resident population estimates have limitations when used for assessing housing demand. Given the significant influx of foreigners coming to work or study in Australia in recent years, it seems highly likely that short-stay visitor movements may have added to the demand for housing. However, the Commissions are unaware of any research that quantifies the effects."[19]

Some individuals and interest groups have also argued that immigration causes overburdened infrastructure.[20][21]

Foreign investment in residential property

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In December 2008, the federal government introduced legislation relaxing rules for foreign buyers of Australian property. According to FIRB (Foreign Investment Review Board) data released in August 2009, foreign investment in Australian real estate had increased by more than 30% year to date. One agent said that "overseas investors buy them to land bank, not to rent them out. The houses just sit vacant because they are after capital growth."[22]

Inner-city apartment boom

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To cope with the high demand of housing, the desirability in renting, and most significantly an influx of immigration, major Australian cities have seen a boom in high-rise apartment construction. According to ABC News and UBS, the number of cranes on Australian high-rise sites levelled out at a peak of 548 in 2017, having surged 323% since late-2013.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Winter, Ian and Wendy Stone. Social Polarisation and Housing Careers: Exploring the Interrelationship of Labour and Housing Markets in Australia. Australian Institute of Family Studies. March 1998.
  2. ^ a b c Davison, Graeme. "The Past & Future of the Australian Suburb." Australian Planner (Dec. 1994): 63–69.
  3. ^ Kemeny, Jim. "The Ideology of Home Ownership." Urban Planning in Australia: Critical Readings, ed. J. Brian McLoughlin and Margo Huxley. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire Pty Limited, 1986. p256-7.
  4. ^ "2016 Census QuickStats: Australia". Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Fact file: 9 million homes (2011 Census) with 2.6 occupants - this is the Australian housing market - Fact Check - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". ABC News. Abc.net.au. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics HOME OWNERS AND RENTERS
  7. ^ a b Hall, Alicia. "Trends in home ownership in Australia: a quick guide". www.aph.gov.au. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  8. ^ "6523.0 – Household Income and Wealth, Australia, 2015–16". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Housing Occupancy and Costs". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Housing Assistance". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Home ownership remains strong in Australia but it masks other problems: Census data". Theconversation.com. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  12. ^ Badcock, Blair and Andrew Beer. Home Truths: Property Ownership and Housing Wealth in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000, p128.
  13. ^ Badcock, Blair and Andrew Beer. Home Truths: Property Ownership and Housing Wealth in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000, p150-152.
  14. ^ "8731.0 - Building Approvals, Australia, Feb 2008". Abs.gov.au. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  15. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australia Social Trends 1994: Housing – Housing Stock: Housing the Population. 18 November 2002.
  16. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australia Social Trends: Housing – [1]. 22 April 2004.
  17. ^ Klan, A. (17 March 2007) Locked out Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Wade, M. (9 September 2006) PM told he's wrong on house prices
  19. ^ a b c d "Microsoft Word - prelims.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  20. ^ Claus, E (2005) Submission to the Productivity Commission on Population and Migration Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (submission 12 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth).
  21. ^ Nilsson (2005) Negative Economic Impacts of Immigration and Population Growth Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (submission 9 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth).
  22. ^ "Foreign buyers blow out the housing bubble". Crikey.com.au. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  23. ^ "Housing market 'top' called by investment bank UBS". ABC. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
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