Holotrichia serrata
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| Holotrichia serrata | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | Holotrichia |
| Species: | H. serrata
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| Binomial name | |
| Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius, 1781)
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| Synonyms | |
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Holotrichia serrata, commonly known as the sugarcane white grub, or cockchafer grub, is a species of dung beetle found in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Description
[edit]Adult female beetles lay white, almost round eggs. The first and second instars are translucent, whitish-yellow with a characteristic 'C' – shape. The third instar is a dirty white color with an average length of about 34 to 39 mm. The clearly marked brownish-orange colored head consists of strong mandibles. Slender antennae are long and brown. The instar period lasts for 60 to 70 days, and are followed by a short pre-pupal period of two days. Pupation is within an earthen chamber where the third instar burrowed deep into the soil and prepared a small earthen cell. This exarate pupa is about 25 to 27 mm in length where the pupal period is 13 to 19 days. After the onset of rain, beetles are emerged within 3 to 4 days.[1] Adult beetles are brown in color where females are larger than males with an average length about 23 to 25 mm. Adults can survive for 12 to 26 days in captivity.[2]
Biology
[edit]The grub stage is considered as a serious pest on sugarcane where they can be controlled by management of using cultural, mechanical, biological, chemical and integrated methods.[citation needed] In biological method, grubs can be destroy by using the parasitoid fungus Metarhizium anisopliae.[3] Apart from that, many insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, phorate, quinalphos and carbofuran also used for eradication of grubs in sugarcane cultivation.[4] In September 2012, an outbreak of the beetle was recorded from soybean, cotton and pigeon pea ecosystems in Vidarbha, India.[2]
Apart from sugarcane, it is also a major pest on many vegetables, groundnut and coconut. The volatiles from Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica leaf extract is known to elicited higher antennal response of adult beetles. Usually this antennal response to pheromone gland and host extracts is higher in males.[5] Grubs are also known to parasitized by another entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii.[6][7][8] In Sri Lanka, grubs have been observed to feed on the tap roots of the teak seedlings, and finally the damaged plants wilt and die.[9] Grubs also can be removed from the cultivation land by cultural practises such as ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, flooding and fallowing of fields, trap cropping and crop rotation. Other than that, resistant crops such as sunflower and trap crops such as sorghum, maize, onion can be grown along with the cultivation.[10]
In 2009, many rice, chillies, sorghum and sugarcane cultivations in Maharashtra State, about 9,000,000 adult beetles were collected mechanically and destroyed after heavy infestations. Also Acacia arabica and neem tree extracts mixed with DDT also used for eradication.[11] Apart from that, the bacterium Paenibacillus popilliae[12] and some entomopathogenic nematodes such as Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri and Steinernema riobrave can be used against pupae and adult beetles.[13] The seed extract from Datura innoxia and Thevetia peruviana also show biopesticide properties against grubs.[citation needed]
Main host plants
[edit]- Areca catechu
- Arachis hypogaea
- Cajanus cajan
- Cocos nucifera
- Gossypium arboreum
- Hevea brasiliensis
- Nicotiana tabacum
- Oryza sativa
- Pennisetum glaucum
- Saccharum officinarum
- Solanum tuberosum
- Sorghum bicolor
- Tectona grandis
References
[edit]- ^ "Crop Protection :: Oil Seeds :: Pest of Groundnut". TNAU Agritec Portal. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ a b Dadmal, S.M.; Ghuge, P.A.; Khadakkar, S.S.; Khodke, S.W. (2013). "Occurrence of Holotrichia serrata (Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in Vidarbha". Indian Journal of Entomology. 75 (4): 354–355.
- ^ Thamarai Chelvi, C.; Richard Thilagaraj, W.; Nalini, R. (2011). "Field efficacy of formulations of microbial insecticide Metarhizium anisopliae (Hyphocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for the control of sugarcane white grub Holotrichia serrata F(Coleoptera :Scarabidae)" (PDF). Journal of Biopesticides. 4 (2): 186–189. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Manisegaran, S.; Lakshmi, S. M.; Srimohanapriya, V. (2011). "Field Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin against Holotrichia serrata (Blanch) in sugarcane" (PDF). Journal of Biopesticides. 4 (2): 190–193. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Subaharan, Kesavan; Kumar, A.R.V.; Ganiger, Prabhu (2013). "Electrophysiological responses of chafer beetle, Holotrichia serrata (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 12 (2): 155–159. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2012.11.004.
- ^ Srikanth, J.; Santhalakshmi, G. (2012). "Effect of Media Additives on the Production of Beauveria brongniartii, an Entomopathogenic Fungus of Holotrichia serrata". Sugar Tech. 14 (3): 284–290. doi:10.1007/s12355-012-0152-2. S2CID 106819.
- ^ Srikanth, J.; Santhalakshmi, G.; Tamizharasi, V. (2006). "Viability and virulence of selectedbeauveria brongniartii formulations against Holotrichia serrata". Sugar Tech. 8 (2–3): 152–154. doi:10.1007/BF02943651. S2CID 34102689.
- ^ Srikanth, J.; Easwaramoorthy, S.; Santhalakshmi, G. (2010). "Field efficacy and persistence of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch applied against Holotrichia serrata F. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) infesting sugarcane in southern India". Sugar Cane International. 28 (4): 151–156. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Bandara, G. D. (1990). "Chemical control of cockchafer grub (Holotrichia serrata) in teak nurseries". Sri Lanka Forester. 19 (3/4): 47–50. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ "Species Page: white grub (Holotrichia serrata)". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. doi:10.1079/pwkb.species.29633. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Raodeo, A. K.; Deshpande, S. V.; Deshpande, A. D.; Puri, S. N.; Bilapate, G. G. (1976). "A Large Scale Campaign for the Control of White Grubs (Holotrichia serrata F.) in Maharashtra State". Pest Articles & News Summaries. 22 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1080/09670877609412368.
- ^ "Holotrichia serrata (white grub) Data Sheet". CABI. Archived from the original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
- ^ Sankaranarayanan, C.; Somasekhar, N.; Singaravelu, B. (2006). "Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis and steinernema against pupae and adults of white grub Holotrichia serrata F". Sugar Tech. 8 (4): 268–271. doi:10.1007/BF02943567. S2CID 20429946.