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Hohenfeld (surname)

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Coat of arms of the Hohenfeld family

The House of Hohenfeld (von Hohenfeld, Hohenfelder) is the name of an ancient family of Austrian Nobility, originally centered around Upper Austria. The family was extinguished in male line in 1824.

The name is variously spelled as (von) Hohenfeld, Höhenfeld, Hohenfeldt, Hochenfeld(en), Hochfeld, Hoenfelt, etc.

History

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Origins

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Conrad Kempff produced a genealogical tree of the family in 1639. In this work, he traces back the roots of the line to a progenitor Babo of Hochfeld, in the 11th century, who would have been one of the 32 legendary sons of Count Babo of Abensperg. His descendants would have stayed in Bavaria until about 1200 and married into several Bavarian noble houses (Neuburg, Wolfratshausen, Traun, Haag, Hirschhorn, Lamberg, Eurasberg).

No evidence of the supposed descent from the Babonids [de] exists.[Note 1] The line of the Babonids ended in 1196, after which their goods were violently appropriated by the Counts of Wittelsbach in the early 13th century – about the time of the disappearance of the Hohenfelder from Bavaria.

Early history

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The family reappeared in Austria in the 13th century. Around the year 1220, the founder of a short-lived junior line, Heinrich von Hohenfeld zu Stiela, was a Cammer-Juncker for the Babenberger Dukes of Styria.[1] From the early 13th century, the main line of the family settled in St Georgen im Attergau in Upper Austria with Heinrich's elder brother Georg and his son Otto I von Hohenfeld (about 1245–1328), from whom the uninterrupted line of the Hohenfeld family can be traced back.

A record [2] referring to an Ulreich von Hohenfeld, as noted in the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, is dated to 1 May 1291, but this Ulreich can as of yet not be linked.

The family belonged to the ranks of the lower nobility at first. But over the centuries, they acquired many lands and held important offices in Austria and in the German lands. The family intermarried among the twelve so-called "Apostle Houses", such as the Traun, Polheim [de], Jörger, and Zinzendorf. They were known as ministeriales of the Counts of Schaunberg[3], from whom they acquired Castle Edramsberg in 1472.

Christoph von Hohenfeld († 1496) joined the Mailberger Bund [de] in 1451, alongside Ulrich von Eyczing [de] and Ulrich of Celje, against Frederick III.[3]

Two notable family members from this period are:

Reformation

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Protestantism spread rapidly in Austria, triggered by its adoption by the local nobility. The Hohenfelder, to begin with Wolfgang von Hohenfeld (1505-1568), were affiliated with the nucleus of Protestant nobility from an early phase.[5] Wolfgang was head of the only extant branch of the Hohenfeld family by that time. He was befriended with some of the most influential Protestant nobles such as Jörg von Perkheim (~1485-1559) and Christoph II Jörger von Tollet (~1502-~1578). The former happened to be Wolfgang's closest aristocratic neighbor. The latter was an early Protestant convert, studied under Martin Luther, and returned to Austria as a propagator of Protestantism.[6]

Wolfgang's only surviving son, Achaz von Hohenfeld (~1535-1603), studied in Wittenberg in 1557 and in Tübingen under Philip Melanchthon in 1561.[7] Returning to Austria, he became an inspector of a collegiate school in 1571 [7] and was known as 'the Lutheran Pope'.[8] He became involved, among others, with Jakob Andreae.[9]

After Achaz' death in 1603, the Hohenfeld titles, goods, and Protestant legacy were passed on to his sons Otto, Wolfgang, Ludwig, Christoph, Michael, and Rudolph, born between 1575 and 1585. The Hohenfeld did not sign the League of Horn [de] in 1608, but continued to be related and affiliated to many of its signers consisting of influential Protestant nobles.[Note 2] After the major Protestant defeat at the Battle of White Mountain and the ensuing end of the Bohemian Revolt in 1620, counter-reformation pressure began to increase in Upper Austria.

All children of Achaz were impacted by the events following 1620:

  • Otto (1574-1620), the eldest son, and his wife, Anna Maria von Geymann Gallspach [de] (1590-1621) died in Linz in 1620 and 1621, respectively.
    • Their only surviving son, Otto Achaz (1614-1685), remained in Aistersheim with his uncle Markus, and converted to Catholicism in 1636. Although he married twice, no children are known.
A polyhedral sundial by Ludwig von Hohenfeld (1576-1644), from 1596, with 17 different sudials for the region between Tubingen and Stuttgart - Landesmuseum Württemberg in Stuttgart read more
  • Wolfgang (1575-~1613) died before the events in 1620, and nothing is known about his only son Heinrich, born about 1603.
  • Ludwig (1576-1644), lord of Weidenholz, befriended and was influenced by Johannes Valentinus Andreae[10] (grandson of Jakob Andreae). In 1625, Ludwig was forced to flee to Andreae's home in Württemberg, and, in 1635, to sell his possessions at Weidenholz (near Waizenkirchen).
    • His son Achaz (1610-1672) [de] rose to a prominent position at the court in Nassau-Diez, but eventually converted to Catholicism 1669 after his marriage to the catholic Anna-Ursula von Metternich-Winneburg, and his offspring remained catholic. His descendants held many positions throughout Germany, but his known male line died out in the 18th century,
    • Another son, Wolfgang (1616-1679), ended up with the lordship of Binningen in Switzerland, through an inheritance of his wife, a Polheim-Wartemburg, but his line ended with his son Carl Ludwig.
Ferdinand von Hohenfeld (1612–1675), Count, Imperial Privy Council, Vice-President of the Exchequer and General War Commissioner
  • Markus (1577-1618), lord of Almegg, Eitzing and Wildenberg, and his offspring converted to Catholicism and remained in Upper Austria.
    • His eldest surviving son, Ferdinand (1612–1675), took over the family possessions in Upper Austria and was elevated to Imperial Count in 1669. This line became the main line until the family's patrilineal extinction.
  • Christoph (1580-1631), lord of Aistersheim, Almegg, and Peuerbach; so therefore in charge of the most important ancestral titles. He was married to Sidonia von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (~1584-1640), a granddaughter of Sigismund von Polheim [de], another important Protestant leader (1531–1598), and Potentiane von Hohenfeld, a distant cousin of Sidonia's husband. About 1620, the family flees Austria as an Exulant [de], first to Sulzbach and later (on the enemy's approach of that town) to Wunsiedel. The family castle at Aistersheim is plundered by Tilly's troops in 1620 while on their way to Bohemia to fight in the Battle of White Mountain, and the castle's commander is beheaded and the garrison hanged. In 1625, Christoph gives up his claims on Peuerbach and he dies indebted in 1631. His wife Sidonia moves to Regensburg and dies there as well in 1640.
    • Their twelve or more children are mostly unaccounted for. One son, Sigmund von Hohenfeld, still lives in Wunsiedel in 1686 when he writes a letter to Markgrave Christian Ernst von Brandenburg-Bayreuth.[11] Another son, August von Hohenfeld (1620-1642), dies in military service in 1642. Furthermore, 19th century Victor Hohlfeld in Dresden [Note 3] and the 18th century Danish-Norwegian von Hoelfdeldt family [Note 4] claimed descent from Christoph von Hohenfeld.
  • Nothing is known about the last two sons, Michael (born 1683) and Rudolph (born around 1685), and they could have died at a young age

Later history

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Only one branch of the family had remained in Austria after around 1620, namely the branch of Markus von Hohenfeld (1577-1618) and his branch would endure the longest. After his and his siblings' conversion to Catholicism, Markus' eldest son Ferdinand (1612-1675) was confirmed in his knighthood on 28 July 1652 with the title of Austrian Freiherr. This was followed, on 7 March 1669, by an elevation to the rank of Imperial Count, which was later enhanced by a further ennoblement of his son Otto Heinrich (1650-1719) to the rank of Austrian Count on 24 December 1714. Ferdinand's younger brother Wolf Ludwig (1615-...) would produce a younger line next to Ferdinand's comital line, which would survive for another three generations into the 18th century.

Countess Maria Anna von Hohenfeld (1768-1848), princess of Esterházy de Galántha, was one of the last members of the family

Ferdinand's comital line was continued with his son Otto Heinrich, then by Otto Ferdinand Felix (1674-1741) and afterwards by his son Otto Karl Maximilian (1704-1772).

The latter, Otto Karl Maximilian von Hohenfeld, had two sons and a daughter:

  • Otto Franz (1731-1776), married to Maria Anna Franziska von Stain zu Jettingen:
  • Feldzeugmeister Otto Philipp von Hohenfeld (1733-1799) [de], married to Maria Therese Kinsky:
    • Otto Franz Joseph (1766-1796) without progeny
    • Maria Antonia (1770-1804), married to Joseph von Bolza (1764-1834)
    • Maria Josepha (1775-...), married to Anton Franz Engl von Wagrain (1768-1827)
  • Maria Anna Theresia (1742-1814), married to Johann Emmerich von Keyserling

The Napoleonic Wars caused the last major developments around the family. In July 1809, Otto Adolph Karl Johann von Hohenfeld was promoted to lieutenant field marshal after he had distinguished himself in the victorious Battle of Aspern, together with Radetzky. Also in 1809, Aistersheim and the Innviertel region came to Bavaria until 1814. On 7 October 1813, the remaining members of the extant line were registered as bavarian knights (Ritter), in addition to its comital titles in Austria.

The male family line was finally extinguished in 1824 with the death of Otto Adolph Karl Johann on 14 May 1824 in Linz. His four sisters sold the lordship and domain to Johann Karl Dworzak in 1830, whose descendants would continue to own Castle Aistersheim until the second half of the 20th century. The last sister and therefore the final Hohenfeld, Maria Karolina, would die in 28 July 1858.

Coat of Arms

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Blazon

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The pronominal arms of the von Hohenfeld are blazoned azure, a fess argent charged with a rose gules. The Hohenfelder inherited the Symaninger titles and lands in the 13th century and quartered their own rose arms, in the second and third position, with theirs (sable, two horns argent with backs to each other facing downwards roped gules and banded or), in the first and fourth position.[Note 5]

Similarities

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A comparison of various coats of arms attributed to the Babones and affiliated families

There is some similarity between the pronominal arms of the Hohenfelder (a single rose on a fess) and their supposed progenitors the Babones (three roses on a bend). Several arms of other noble houses claiming descent from the Babones, as well as various castles and monasteries associated with them, bear similarities (roses on a fess/per fess/a bend/per bend) as well.

The Babones, who produced two Minnesänger (authors of love songs and poems in which roses were often a theme), seemed to have been associated with roses, having founded various abbeys and towns such as Rosenburg [de] and Rosenheim, on top of their attributed arms.

If there is any linkage at all, the differences between the arms could be explained by the extinction of the Babones in proto-heraldic or very early heraldic times namely 1196, where coats of arms were more fluidly defined and colors and shapes could vary.

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  • Pronominal arms of the Hohenfelder
    Pronominal arms of the Hohenfelder
  • Full coat of arms of the Hohenfelder after the 13th century, here with countal crowns
    Full coat of arms of the Hohenfelder after the 13th century, here with countal crowns
  • Arms of the Symaninger that were quartered with the Hohenfelder pronominal arms in the 13th century
    Arms of the Symaninger that were quartered with the Hohenfelder pronominal arms in the 13th century
  • Coat of arms of Wolfgang von Hohenfeld Binningen (1616-1679), the only known deviation from the regular arms
    Coat of arms of Wolfgang von Hohenfeld Binningen (1616-1679), the only known deviation from the regular arms

Depictions

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Notable family members

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Residences

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Main residences

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Residence Location Acquired Key Events Lost Picture
Wasserschloss Aistersheim [de] website Upper Austria 1443: Inherited by Johann I (Hanns I) von Hohenfeld's (1385-1464) through his marriage to heiress Anna von Aisterheim 1600: Finished extension renovation works. 1620: Attacked and taken by Tilly. 1626: Served as Peasants' headquarters during the Peasant War, and subsequently burned. 1771: A fire causes heavy damage 1830: Sold to Johann Carl Dworzak
Schloss Almegg or Talmeck [de] Upper Austria ~1535: Given to Achaz von Hohenfeld (~1491-1545) by the Albrechtsheimer as a wedding gift on his marriage to heiress Esther von Albrechtsheim (1517-1557) 1808: Sold by Otto von Hohenfeld to Franz Foret von Breitenfeld in 1808
Schloss Peuerbach [de] Upper Austria 1593: Bought by Achaz von Hohenfeld (1551-1603) from Georg Achaz von Starhemberg 1626: Taken over by Wolf Siegmund von Herberstein [de]
Wasserschloss Weidenholz [de] Upper Austria 1612: Bought by the brothers Hohenfeld from Christine von Losenstein (married to heir Wolfgang Bergheimer) and allotted to Ludwig von Hohenfeld (1576-1644) 1635: Sold by Ludwig, due to his exile, to Hans Ludwig von Kueffstein [de] (an Imperial commander who converted to Catholicism in 1627)

Other residences

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Residence Location Acquired Key Events Lost Picture
Schloss Schlüßlberg [de] Upper Austria 1429: Bought or inherited by Erasmus von Hohenfeld (~1400-1461) from his mother's (Agnes Schifer) family 1472: Sold by Erasmus' son Christoph von Hohenfeld (~1465-~1520) to Christoff Jörger [de]
Burg Schönering [de] Upper Austria 1443: Inherited by Johann I von Hohenfeld (1385-1464) through his marriage to heiress Anna von Aisterheim 1477: Destroyed in 1477
Burg Edramsberg [de] Upper Austria 1472: Acquired by Christoph von Hohenfeld (~1465-~1520) from its previous owners von Schaunberg 1477: Destroyed by the troops of Christoph I von Liechtenstein but reaffirmed to Christoph von Hohenfeld by the Bisshop of Passau in 1484 After 1477: Fell into disrepair
Schloss Kirchberg am Walde [de] Lower Austria 1489: Acquired by the Hohenfelder from the lords of Kirchberg 1555: Acquired by Dietmar von Losenstein [de]
Schloss Radeck [de] Salzburg area ~1520: Acquired by Erasmus von Hohenfeld (Canon of Passau) for his relative Margarete Saurer to live 1525: Set afire and damaged during the German Peasants' War ~1550: Acquired by Paul Rettinger some time after the war
Schloss Rosenegg [de] Upper Austria ~1525: Bought by Achaz von Hohenfeld (~1491-1545) ~1537: Sold by Achaz von Hohenfeld to Hanns von der Pruckhen
Schloss Obereitzing [de] Upper Austria 1602: Inherited by Achaz von Hohenfeld (1551-1603) through his mother Rosina von Paumgarten's (1523-1568) family 1638: Sold by one of Achaz' exiled Protestant sons to Johann Adolf von Tattenbach
Schloss Wildenhag [de] Upper Austria 1614: Left to Marx von Hohenfeld (1577-1618) by Georg Hutstocker ~1620: Loaned by Marx' sons Ferdinand (1612-1675) and Wolf Ludwig (1615-...) from their exiled Protestant uncle Ludwig von Hohenfeld (1576-1644) 1635: Sold by Ludwig (1576-1644), due to his exile
Burg Wildenstein [de] Upper Austria 1615: Listed among Christoph von Hohenfeld's (1580-1631) possessions after 1615
Schloss Egeregg [de] Linz 1615: Bought by Christoph von Hohenfeld (1580-1631) from Michael Pittersdorfer von Freyhof 1622 and 1630: Sold in two phases by Christoph, due to his exile, to Constantin Grundemann von Falkenberg
Burg Reichenstein [de] Upper Austria ~1616: Probably bought by Christoph von Hohenfeld (1580-1631) after the previous owner's (Hans von Haim's [de], 1544-1616) death ?
Schloss Walterskirchen [de] Lower Austria 1666: Taken over by Ferdinand von Hohenfeld (1612-1675) after being destroyed in 1645 during the Thirty Years' War 1683: Rebuilt by his son Otto Heinrich von Hohenfeld (1650-1719) 1733: Acquired by the counts of Koháry
Freihaus Hohenfeld [de] Old City of Linz 1680: Acquired from the Lords of Polheim [de] 1786: Sold as civic property
Schloss Gobelsburg [de] Lower Austria 1693: Inherited by Otto Ferdinand Felix von Hohenfeld (1674-1741) 1725: Modernized by Otto Achaz Ehrenreich von Hohenfeld 1740: Sold by his son Heinrich to the Cistercian Abbey of Zwettl
Schloss Hirschstetten [de] Vienna 1693: Constructed for Otto Ferdinand Felix von Hohenfeld (1674-1741) 1713: Passed partially dilapidated to Prince Count Adam Franz von Schwarzenberg

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ See the coat of arms section, under similarities, over the similarities of the Babones, the Hohenfelder, and other houses' arms with the roses.
  2. ^ For instance, Otto von Hohenfeld (1574-1620) attended a wedding in 1613 with a strong Horner Bund affiliation
  3. ^ Karl Victor Hohlfeld (1844-1915) was an historian and coin-collector from Saxony, who coined a medal in Dresden in 1876 with the Hohenfeld coat of arms, engraved with Familien Wappen, Devise: Erkenne Dich Selbst, and Das Geschlechts Hohlfeld aus Sachsen, Dresden 1876
  4. ^ This family was originally Hohlfeld from Halle and later Spandau, with family relations with Francke and Zinzendorf. One family member, Lt.-Col. Johan Nathanael von Hoelfeldt (1703-1787), ended up in Norway after he left Francke's Pietist Latin School and enlisted in the Danish-Norwegian army to fight. He is reported to have told his sons that his father's father was a count Hohenfeldt or Hohlenfeldt, who was banished or driven out of his homeland as a Protestant in the Thirty Years' War, had abandoned his titles and moved to Brandenburg, whose own father in turn had perished in the War of Religion (E. A. Thomle, Familien Holfeldt (Hoelfeldt) i Norge (1898), pp. 66).
  5. ^ This 13th century quartering took place relatively early and was maintained unchanged throughout the centuries even after their elevation to Counts. The positioning of the Symaningen arms in the most important location has led to the speculation that the attribution was reversed and these were in fact the actual original Hohenfeld arms. However, since the Hohenfeld occasionally chose to use only their rose arms (e.g. Christof v Hochenfeld in Wappenbuch Neustift (1558)), this speculation seems unlikely.

References

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  1. ^ a b Gauhe (1719), pp. 677
  2. ^ Document at the Monastery of Ranshofen, Nonumenta Boica, Band 3, München 1764, pp. 351, nr. 309
  3. ^ a b "Christoph von Hohenfeld – ÖsterreichWiki". oesterreichwiki.org. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  4. ^ Heinrich Wurm (1960), Die Hohenfelder in ihren Verhältnissen zu Wels in Jahrbuch des Musealvereines Wels Band 6, Wels, pp. 23–32 (ooegeschichte.at)
  5. ^ See e.g.: Max Doblinger (1951) Jörg von Perkheim, eind ständischer Diplomat des 16. Jahrhunderts, pp. 4-22
  6. ^ "Christoph Jörger von Tollet – ÖsterreichWiki". oesterreichwiki.org.
  7. ^ a b Max Doblinger (1951)
  8. ^ Various sources, albeit mostly modern sources (and the title seems to have been conferred to other individuals as well), e.g.: Alfred Noe, Hans-Gert Roloff, Norbert Bachleitner (2022), Beiträge zu Komparatistik und Sozialgeschichte der Literatur, pp. 558
  9. ^ Hans Sturmberger (1959) Jakob Andreae und Achaz von Hohenfeld, Eine Diskussion über das Gehorsamsproblem zur Zeit der Rudolfinischen Gegenreformation in Österreich, in: Festschrift Karl Ederzum 70
  10. ^ Dr. F. H. Rheinwald (1849), Ionnis Valentini Andreae ... Vita ab Ipso Conscripta ...
  11. ^ Friedrich Schuh (1929) Der Markgraf Christian Ernst (1655-1712) und die landständische Verfassung des Fürstentums Bayreuth, pp. 97

Literature

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Genealogies

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Novel

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