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Krasnodar Krai

Coordinates: 45°22′N 39°26′E / 45.367°N 39.433°E / 45.367; 39.433
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(Redirected from History of Krasnodar Krai)
Not to be confused with Krasnoyarsk Krai.

Krasnodar Krai
Krai
Краснодарский край
Flag of Krasnodar Krai
Flag
Coat of arms of Krasnodar Krai
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Krasnodar Krai[3]
Coordinates: 45°22′N 39°26′E / 45.367°N 39.433°E / 45.367; 39.433
CountryRussia
Federal districtSouthern[1]
Economic regionNorth Caucasus[2]
Administrative centerKrasnodar[4]
Government
 • BodyLegislative Assembly[5]
 • Governor[7]Veniamin Kondratev[6]
Area
[8]
 • Total75,485 km2 (29,145 sq mi)
 • Rank42nd
Population
 (2021 census)[9]
 • TotalIncrease 5,838,273
 • Estimate 
(2018)[10]
5,603,420
 • Rank3rd
 • Urban
56.9%
 • Rural
43.1%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[11])
ISO 3166 codeRU-KDA
License plates23, 93, 123, 193
OKTMO ID03000000
Official languagesRussian[12]
Websitehttp://admkrai.krasnodar.ru/

Krasnodar Krai (Russian: Краснода́рский край, romanized: Krasnodarskiy kray, IPA: [krəsnɐˈdarskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar. The third most populous federal subject, the krai had a population of 5,838,273 as of the 2021 Census.[9]

Krasnodar Krai is formally and informally referred to as Kuban (Russian: Кубань), a term denoting the historical region of Kuban situated between the Sea of Azov and the Kuban River which is mostly composed of the krai's territory. It is bordered by Rostov Oblast to the north, Stavropol Krai to the east, Karachay-Cherkessia to the south-east, and Adygea is an enclave entirely within the krai. Krasnodar Krai shares an international border with Georgia and the partially-recognized republic of Abkhazia to the south, and borders annexed Crimea to the west, across the Kerch Strait.

The northern part of the krai belongs to the Don Steppe, while the southern region's Mediterranean climate has made it a popular tourist location. Novorossiysk is Russia's main port on the Black Sea, one of the few cities awarded the title of the Hero City, and Sochi was the host of the XXII Olympic Winter Games in 2014. Krasnodar Krai is home to significant infrastructure of the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet.

Geography

[edit]
class=notpageimage|
Federal subjects in the Black Sea-Caspian area.
*Smaller areas along the north Caucasus are the republics: Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, and Chechnya
*Yellow is the Southern Federal District and below it is the North Caucasian Federal District (light grey)

Krasnodar Krai is located in the southwestern part of the North Caucasus and borders Rostov Oblast in the northeast, Stavropol Krai and Karachay-Cherkessia in the east, and with the Abkhazia region (internationally recognized as part of Georgia) in the south.[14] The Republic of Adygea is completely encircled by the krai territory. The krai's Taman Peninsula is situated between the Sea of Azov in the north and the Black Sea in the south.[15] In the west, the Kerch Strait separates the krai from the contested Crimean Peninsula, internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but under de facto Russian control.[15] At its widest extent, the krai stretches for 327 kilometers (203 mi) from north to south and for 360 kilometers (220 mi) from east to west.[14]

The krai is split into two distinct parts by the Kuban River, which gave its name to this entire geographic region.[15] The southern, seaward part is the western extremity of the Caucasus range, lying within the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex ecoregion;[16] the climate is Mediterranean or, in the southeast, subtropical.[15] Historically it is known as Circassia. The northern part is a steppe zone which shares continental climate patterns.[15] It is also known as Kuban region.

See also: Kuban Oblast and Black Sea Governorate

The height of the mountains exceeds 3,000 meters (9,800 ft), with Mount Tsakhvoa being the highest at 3,346 meters (10,978 ft),[15]with Mount Fisht, at 2,867 meters (9,406 ft), being the Great Caucasus' westernmost peak with a glacier.[15]

The Black Sea coast stretches from the Kerch Strait to Adler and is shielded by the Caucasus Mountains from the cold northern winds.[15] Numerous small mountain rivers flow in the coastal areas, often creating picturesque waterfalls.[15]

Lake Abrau, located in the wine-making region of Abrau-Dyurso, is the largest lake in the northeastern Caucasus region.[15]

History

[edit]
Phanagoria, ancient Greek city and former capital of early medieval Old Great Bulgaria

The region's earliest known inhabitants are referred to, generally, as the Maiōtai, who are the ancestors of the modern-day Circassians, Abkhazians and Abazins[17] (after the Greek name for the Sea of Azov). During the 6th century BC, Pontic Greeks founded the area's first cities, such as Phanagoria (near modern Sennoy) and Hermonassa (on the Taman Peninsula), who traded with nomadic tribes including the Skuthai (Scythians) and Sindi.

In the 7th century, Phanagoria served as the capital of Old Great Bulgaria. From the 8th to the 10th centuries, the area was dominated by the Khazars, a Turkic people who had earlier migrated from the east onto the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, where a hypothesis claims that they converted to Judaism. After the defeat of the Khazar Khanate in 965 Kievan Prince Svyatoslav conquered the area, it came under the rule of Kievan Rus', and it then formed the Tmutarakan principality. Later, due to the increasing claims of the Eastern Roman Empire at the end of the 11th century, the Tmutarakan principality came under the authority of the Eastern Roman Emperors (until 1204).[citation needed]

In that period of history, the Circassians were first mentioned, under the ethnonym Kassogs. For example, the Kassog Prince Rededya was mentioned in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[18]

In 1243–1438, the current territory of the Kuban was part of the Golden Horde. After the latter's collapse, parts of Kuban were held under the Crimean Khanate, Circassia, and the Ottoman Empire, which dominated the region. The Tsardom of Russia began to challenge the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire in the area during the Russo-Turkish wars.

Krasnodar Krai

In April 1783, after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate, right-bank Kuban and Taman Peninsula were annexed to the Russian Empire by decree of Catherine II. In 1792–1794, the Cossacks moved there from Zaporizhzhia, now located in Ukraine, and formed the Black Sea Area troops, with the creation of a solid cordon line for the Kuban River and the marginalization of the neighboring Circassians. The administrative region was accorded the status of "Land of Black Sea Cossack Army", with its center in the city of Yekaterinodar (renamed Krasnodar by the Bolsheviks in 1920).

In 1900, the region's population numbered around two million people. In 1913, the gross grain harvest Kuban region entered second place in Russia, for the production of marketable grain – in first place.[clarification needed] During the Russian Civil War, the anti-communist Kuban People's Republic was established on 28 January 1918. It sought union with the Ukrainian People's Republic during its brief independence until Soviet forces occupied the latter in May 1920.

Krasnodar Krai was founded on 13 September 1937, when Azov-Black Sea Krai of the Russian SFSR was split up in Krasnodar Krai and Rostov Oblast. The Greek Autonomous District and Shapsug National District were located within the Krai. On 30 January 1996 Krasnodar Krai signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[19] This agreement would be abolished on 12 April 2002.[20]

See also: Kuban-Black Sea Oblast

2012 floods

[edit]
Main article: 2012 Russian floods

On July 7, 2012, at least 171 people died in Krasnodar Krai, after torrential rains overnight caused the worst flooding and landslides in more than seventy years.[21][22] Over 280 millimeters (11 in) of rain – the typical amount for a four- or five-month period – was reported to have fallen within forty-eight hours.[23] A local police spokesman stated that most of the dead were in Krymsky District, where at least 159 died when a wave of water 5 meters (16 ft) high swept through the town of Krymsk in the middle of the night.[22][23] Ten more deaths occurred in Gelendzhik, including five electrocuted when a transformer fell into the floodwater, and two in Novorossiysk.[21][23] Authorities stated that 17 people had been officially reported missing, and there were fears the death toll would rise further, while medics had hospitalized 210 people, including 16 children.[citation needed]

The regional government claimed that over 24,000 people were affected by the floods, with more than 3,000 evacuated, and that more than 10,000 rescuers and 140 helicopters were searching for victims and evacuating survivors.[21][23] In Krymsk, 14 temporary shelters were set up to house around 2,000 evacuees.[citation needed] The transport system in the region was said to have collapsed, while oil shipments from Novorossiysk were halted when the port, located in the lower part of the city, was threatened by landslides.[21][23][24] Russia's President Vladimir Putin flew to the area to hold emergency talks with officials in Krymsk, while authorities in Perm Krai dispatched a rescue team to evacuate dozens of children from the region, who had been staying at summer camps on the Black Sea coast.[21][24]

Residents of Krymsk claimed the wave of water that hit the town resulted from the sluice gates of a nearby reservoir being opened, although the prosecutor general's investigative committee denied this. Local prosecutors had earlier confirmed that the gates were opened, but stated that it was too early to determine whether this was the cause of the flooding.[22]

Politics

[edit]
Krai Administration building in Krasnodar

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Krasnodar CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority), the chairman of the Krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the Krai Executive Committee (executive power). In 1991, the CPSU lost power, and the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor have been since appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Krasnodar Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the krai government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The krai administration supports the governor's activities, who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the Krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Krasnodar Krai

Krasnodar Krai is administratively divided into thirty-eight districts (raions) and fifteen cities of district equivalence. The districts and cities are further subdivided into eleven towns, plus urban-type settlements, and rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs.

Economy

[edit]

As a result of 2014 Winter Olympics, Krasnodar Krai has seen significant infrastructure spending.[25] Over $50 billion has been spent on various infrastructure projects including a bullet train.

Large companies in the region include Tander, Novorossmetal, Autonomous Heat Energy Company, Gazprom gas distribution Krasnodar, and Evrokhim Chemical Fertilizers.[26]

Transportation

[edit]

Several lines of Russian Railways cross the region and link it with Abkhazia, Ukraine, and neighboring Russian regions. There are direct trains from resort cities like Sochi and Anapa to Moscow, via Krasnodar, which become very popular during the summer vacation season. There are also suburb train connections. The Apsheronsk narrow-gauge railway, the longest mountain narrow-gauge railway in Russia, runs through Krasnodar Krai.

There are several airports in the region, including Krasnodar International Airport, Sochi International Airport, Anapa Airport, and Gelendzhik Airport.

The biggest ports are Novorossiysk and Tuapse. Others are Eisk and Temryuk on the Azov Sea, and Port Kavkaz, Taman, Anapa, Gelendzhik, and Sochi on the Black Sea. The Crimean Bridge connects Krasnodar Krai and Crimea.

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]

5,838,273 (2021 Census);[9] 5,226,647 (2010 Census);[27] 5,125,221 (2002 Census);[28] 5,113,148 (1989 Soviet census).[29]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19262,934,000—    
19593,762,499+28.2%
19704,509,807+19.9%
19794,814,835+6.8%
19895,113,148+6.2%
20025,125,221+0.2%
20105,226,647+2.0%
20215,838,273+11.7%
Source: Census data

Vital statistics for 2022:[30][31]

  • Births: 54,073 (9.5 per 1,000)
  • Deaths: 79,021 (13.9 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):[32]
1.52 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):[33]
Total — 70.53 years (male — 66.08, female — 74.90)

  • Life expectancy at birth in Krasnodar Krai
    Life expectancy at birth in Krasnodar Krai
  • Life expectancy with calculated differences
    Life expectancy with calculated differences
  • Life expectancy in Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions
    Life expectancy in Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions
  • Zoomed version of the chart since 2014
    Zoomed version of the chart since 2014

Settlements

[edit]

The population of Krasnodar Krai is concentrated in the Kuban River drainage basin, which was traditionally Cossack land (see History of Cossacks). The Kuban Cossacks are now generally considered[according to whom?] to be ethnic Russians, even though they are still an important minority in their own right in the area. Historically, they were considered to be ethnic Ukrainian[according to whom?], and reported their language as Ukrainian in censuses well into the 20th century (see National Identity of Kuban Cossacks). This change in identity is due to assimilation and historical persecution of the Kuban Cossacks, which was particularly prominent due to questions of their loyalty to Moscow and the Communist state during the Russian Revolution and First World War.[citation needed]

Other notable ethnic groups include the Adyghe, who are the region's indigenous population and were nearly completely annihilated following the Circassian genocide,[34] and the Armenians (including Christian Hamsheni and Cherkesogai), who have lived in the region since at least the 18th century.[citation needed]

Ethnic groups

[edit]

The 2021 Census identified ethnic groups, as shown in the following table:[35]

Ethnic
group 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians 1,358,996 46.67 2,754,027 86.80 3,163,219 91.54 3,873,463 89.29 4,006,811 86.71 4,436,272 86.55 4,522,962 86.55 5,121,482 87.72
Armenians 77,751 2.67 60,501 1.91 75,163 2.18 114,438 2.64 171,757 3.72 274,566 5.36 281,680 5.39 211,132 3.62
Ukrainians 1,418,820 48.72 149,874 4.72 137,604 3.98 156,500 3.61 182,128 3.94 131,774 2.57 83,746 1.60 29,317 0.50
Tatars 5,036 0.15 19,093 0.44 14,547 0.31 25,589 0.50 24,840 0.48 18,912 0.32
Caucasus Greeks 42,568 1.34 11,989 0.35 20,650 0.48 28,337 0.61 26,540 0.52 22,595 0.43 13,117 0.22
Georgians 5,128 0.15 8,085 0.19 12,105 0.26 20,500 0.40 17,826 0.34 12,451 0.21
Gypsies 4,428 0.13 6,499 0.15 8,186 0.18 10,873 0.21 12,920 0.25 11,590 0.20
Adyghe 64,177 2.02 10,384 0.30 16,584 0.38 20,795 0.45 15,821 0.31 13,834 0.26 10,484 0.18
Azerbaijanis 1,264 0.04 2,806 0.06 10,343 0.22 11,944 0.23 10,165 0.19 8,804 0.15
Turks 267 0.01 2,119 0.05 13,496 0.26 8,527 0.16 8,070 0.14
Circassians 2,213 0.06 3,849 0.09 3,562 0.08 4,446 0.09 5,258 0.10 6,166 0.11
Belarusians 23,302 0.80 29,789 0.69 34,688 0.75 26,260 0.51 16,890 0.32 5,923 0.10
Russian Germans 33,041 1.13 34,287 1.08 4,510 0.13 22,849 0.53 29,946 0.65 18,469 0.36 12,171 0.23 5,678 0.10
Kurds 537 0.01 2,262 0.05 5,022 0.10 5,899 0.11 5,609 0.10
Other ethnicities 67,240 2.12 34,465 1.00 62,434 1.44 93,284 2.02 90,622 1.77 85,121 1.63 77,389 1.33
Ethnicity not stated 23 0.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 13,190 0.26 101,657 1.95 292,149 5.00

[36]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Krasnodar Krai as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[37][38]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 52.2%
Other Orthodox
 
 0.9%
Old Believers
 
 0.5%
Other Christians
 
 3.5%
Islam
 
 1.3%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 22.5%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 13.2%
Other and undeclared
 
 5.9%

According to a 2012 survey[37] 52.2% of the population of Krasnodar Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, and 1% are Muslims. In addition, 22% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist, and 7.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[37]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Law #5-KZ
  4. ^ Charter of Krasnodar Krai, Article 13
  5. ^ Charter of Krasnodar Krai, Chapter 24
  6. ^ Official website of Krasnodar Krai. Biography of Alexander Nikolayevich Tkachyov Archived August 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Governor of Krasnodar Krai (in Russian)
  7. ^ Charter of Krasnodar Krai, Article 39
  8. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  9. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  10. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  11. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  12. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  13. ^ Azarenkova et al., p. 114
  14. ^ a b Official website of Krasnodar Krai. General Information About the Region Archived October 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gorshenyov
  16. ^ WWF. Central Asia: Southwest Russia and the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea coast
  17. ^ "Адыги – Энциклопедия, Большая Советская". gatchina3000.ru. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  18. ^ "The Song of Igor's Campaign, Igor son of Svyatoslav and grandson of Oleg". lib.ru. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  19. ^ Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12.
  20. ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Russia Flash Floods: 144 Killed in Krasnodar Region". BBC News. London. July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  22. ^ a b c Elder, Miriam (July 9, 2012). "Russian Floods Kill 150 and Leave Thousands Homeless". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Over 100 Die in Russia as Floods and Landslides Hit Krasnodar Region". The Guardian. London. July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  24. ^ a b "Vladimir Putin Flies to Flood-hit Southern Russia as Death Toll Rises". The Guardian. London. July 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  25. ^ Filipov, David. "Russia spent $50 billion on the Sochi Olympics". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  26. ^ "Krasnodar Territory Industries". investinregions.ru. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  27. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  28. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  29. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  30. ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  31. ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  32. ^ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
  33. ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  34. ^ Richard, Walter (April 9, 2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
  35. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  36. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service
  37. ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  38. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.

Sources

[edit]
  • Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №5-КЗ от 5 мая 1995 г. «О символах Краснодарского края», в ред. Закона №2957-КЗ от 8 мая 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Краснодарского края "О символах Краснодарского края"». Вступил в силу 31 мая 1995 г. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №87, 24 мая 1995 г. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #5-KZ of May 5, 1995 On the Symbols of Krasnodar Krai, as amended by the Law #2957-KZ of May 8, 2014 On Amending the Law of Krasnodar Krai "On the Symbols of Krasnodar Krai". Effective as of May 31, 1995.).
  • «Устав Краснодарского края», в ред. Закона №2870-КЗ от 30 декабря 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Устав Краснодарского края». Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", 10 ноября 1993 г. ( Charter of Krasnodar Krai, as amended by the Law #2870-KZ of December 30, 2013 On Amending the Charter of Krasnodar Krai. ).
  • Горшенёв, М. А. (1983). Путешествия по Краснодарскому краю (in Russian). Физкультура и спорт.
  • Азаренкова, А. С.; И. Ю. Бондарь; Н. С. Вертышева (1986) [1986]. Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Krasnodar Krai.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krasnodar Krai.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krasnodar_Krai&oldid=1254158938#History"