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Chernihiv

Coordinates: 51°29′38″N 31°17′41″E / 51.49389°N 31.29472°E / 51.49389; 31.29472
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(Redirected from History of Chernihiv)
Not to be confused with Chernivtsi.
For other uses, see Chernihiv (disambiguation).
Chernihiv
Чернігів
City
Flag of Chernihiv
Flag
Coat of arms of Chernihiv
Coat of arms
Official logo of Chernihiv
Logo
Nickname: 
City of Legends
Chernihiv is located in Chernihiv Oblast
Chernihiv
Chernihiv
Location of Chernihiv in Ukraine
Chernihiv is located in Ukraine
Chernihiv
Chernihiv
Chernihiv (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 51°29′38″N 31°17′41″E / 51.49389°N 31.29472°E / 51.49389; 31.29472
Country Ukraine
OblastChernihiv Oblast
RaionChernihiv Raion
HromadaChernihiv urban hromada
First mentioned907
Government
 • MayorOleksandr Lomako [uk][1] (Native Home [uk][2])
Area
 • Total79 km2 (31 sq mi)
Elevation
136 m (446 ft)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total282,747
 • Density1,547/km2 (4,010/sq mi)
Postal code
14000
Area code(+380) 462
Vehicle registrationCB / 25
Websitechernigiv-rada.gov.ua

Chernihiv (Ukrainian: Чернігів, IPA: [tʃerˈn⁽ʲ⁾iɦiu̯] ⓘ; Russian: Чернигов, romanized: Chernigov, IPA: [tɕɪrˈnʲiɡəf]) is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast.[3] Chernihiv's population is 282,747 (2022 estimate).[4]

The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine by the Ukrainian government during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[5]

Names and etymology

[edit]

The name Chernihiv/Chernigov is a compound name, which begins with the Slavic root Cherni-/Cherno-, which means 'black'.[6] Scholars vary with interpretations of the second part of the name (-hiv/-gov, -говъ) though scholars such as Dr. Martin Dimnik, Professor of Medieval History at University of Toronto, connect Chernihov with the worship of "the black god" Chernibog.[7]

The city of Chernihiv is also historically known by different names in other languages – Polish: Czernihów; Yiddish: טשערניגאָב.

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

Chernihiv was first mentioned (as Черниговъ)[citation needed] in the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907), but the time of its establishment is unknown.[8] Artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate uncovered by archaeological excavations at a settlement there indicate that it seems to have existed at least as early as the 9th century. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe, was excavated in the 19th century.

The city was the second wealthiest and most important in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus'.[9] From the early 11th century on, it was the seat of the powerful Principality of Chernigov, whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes, and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves.

The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan and Tmutarakan. The golden age of Chernigov, when the city population peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan, and entered a long period of relative obscurity.

The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the 15th to 17th centuries changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Chernihiv Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

The area's importance increased again in the middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Hetman State, Chernihiv was the city of deployment for the Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both a military and territorial unit of the state at the time).

Imperial Russia

[edit]

Under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to the Tsardom of Russia, with Chernihiv remaining an important center of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate. With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an ordinary administrative center of the Russian Empire and a capital of local administrative units. The area in general was ruled by the Governor-General appointed from Saint Petersburg, the imperial capital, and Chernihiv was the capital of local namestnichestvo (province) (from 1782), Malorosiyskaya or Little Russian (from 1797) and Chernigov Governorate (from 1808).

According to the census of 1897, the city of Chernihiv had 11,000 Jews out of a total population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial. Many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in the neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, but the demand for artisan labor was limited to the town. There were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters. Few, however, were employed in factories.[10][11]

World War II

[edit]

During World War II, Chernihiv was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943. The Germans operated a Nazi prison[12] and a forced labour battalion for Jews in the city.[13]

Independent Ukraine

[edit]

The Statue of Lenin on Myru Avenue was toppled on February 21, 2014, as part of the demolitions of the statues of Lenin in Ukraine.[14][15]

Until 18 July 2020, Chernihiv was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Chernihiv Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five, the city was merged into Chernihiv Raion.[16][17]

In June 2022, Chernihiv signed an agreement with Rzeszów, Poland to become sister cities.[18][19]

Siege of Chernihiv

[edit]
А Russian Su-34 with bombs shot down over Chernihiv
Main article: Siege of Chernihiv

On 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was under siege by the Russian Armed Forces according to the Russian Ministry of Defense,[20] in its first battle since the Second World War. On 10 March 2022, Mayor Vladyslav Atroshenko announced that the city had been completely encircled by Russian forces.[21]

On 5 April 2022, Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus stated that the Russian military has left Chernihiv Oblast, but that it had planted mines in many areas.[22][23][24]

On 19 August 2023, a Russian missile strike killed seven in the city. On 17 April 2024, another Russian missile strike killed over a dozen people in the city.[25]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
189727,716—    
192634,359+24.0%
193968,597+99.6%
195989,585+30.6%
1970158,873+77.3%
1979238,141+49.9%
1989296,347+24.4%
2001304,994+2.9%
2011296,896−2.7%
2022282,747−4.8%
Source: [26]

Language

[edit]

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[27]

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 221 322 74.01%
Russian 73 277 24.50%
Other or undecided 4 439 1.49%
Total 299 038 100.00%

Despite considering Ukrainian a native language, not all people were using it in daily life, as Russian remained the primary language for communication in Chernihiv.[28] A 2017 survey that asked what language do participants use at home revealed that Ukrainian was spoken only by 18% of the city's population, both Ukrainian and Russian were at 28%, while Russian was the most at 53%.[29]

However the 2022 Russian invasion has caused a new wave of Ukrainization in Chernihiv, with more and more people switching to Ukrainian in their private lives.[30] According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute between April and May 2023, 53% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 41% spoke Russian.[31]

Geography

[edit]

Chernihiv stands on the Desna River 150 km (93 mi) to the north-northeast of Kyiv.

The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport prior to 2002, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base.

Rivers

[edit]

Desna River

[edit]

The city of Chernihiv is crossed by Desna River, a major left tributary of the Dnieper River. "Desna" means "right hand" in the Old East Slavic language. It is 1,130 km (700 mi) long, and has a drainage basin that covers 88,900 km2 (34,300 sq mi).

In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from 60 to 250 m (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (9.8 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, for about 535 km (332 mi).

Snov River

[edit]

The Snov River, right tributary of the Desna River (Dnieper basin), also goes through Chernihiv. The length of the river is 253 km (157 mi). The area of its drainage basin is 8,700 km2 (3,400 sq mi). The Snov freezes in November – late January and stays icebound until March – early April. Part of the river forms the Russia–Ukraine border.

According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 a battle took place at the Snov River between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by Duke Sharukan.

Climate

[edit]

Chernihiv has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, cloudy and snowy winters, and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature for Chernihiv is 7.0 °C (44.6 °F), ranging from a low of −5.6 °C (21.9 °F) in January to a high of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in July. Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year though precipitation is higher during the summer months and lower during the winter months. The record high was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) and the record low was −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F).

Climate data for Chernihiv (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		41.1
(106.0) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.5
(95.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		41.1
(106.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.6
(20.1) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		3.9
(39.0)
Record low °C (°F) −36
(−33) 		−33.9
(−29.0) 		−29.9
(−21.8) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−28
(−18) 		−36
(−33)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		36
(1.4) 		63
(2.5) 		62
(2.4) 		74
(2.9) 		54
(2.1) 		53
(2.1) 		49
(1.9) 		46
(1.8) 		46
(1.8) 		593
(23.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9 9 8 6 9 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 98
Average snowy days 16 13 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 15 64
Average relative humidity (%) 85.6 82.8 77.9 68.8 66.4 70.3 70.7 70.4 77.2 81.5 87.6 87.4 77.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46 71 140 197 275 300 300 275 189 120 42 35 1,990
Source 1: Pogoda.ru[32]
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1981–2010, sun 1991-2020),[33][34] Weatherbase (snow days)[35]

Architecture

[edit]
See also: Ancient Chernihiv

Chernihiv's architectural monuments chronicle the two most flourishing periods in the city's history – those of Kievan Rus' (11th and 12th centuries) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18th centuries).

The oldest church in the city and one of the oldest churches in Ukraine is the 5-domed Transfiguration Cathedral, commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav the Bold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav the Wise. The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, dating from the mid-12th century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored to its original shape in the 20th century. Likewise built in brick, it has a single dome and six pillars.

The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters was the exquisite Piatnytska Church, constructed at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War; its original medieval outlook was reconstructed to a design by Pyotr Baranovsky.

The historic center of Chernihiv has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List since 1989,[36] but currently the creation of a renewed nomination is underway.[37][38]

The earliest residential buildings in the downtown date from the late 17th century, a period when a Cossack regiment was deployed there. Two most representative residences are those of Polkovnyk Lyzohub (1690s) and Polkovnyk Polubotok (18th century). The former mansion, popularly known as the Mazepa House, used to contain the regiment's chancellery. One of the most profusely decorated Cossack structures is undoubtedly the ecclesiastical collegium, surmounted by a bell-tower (1702). The archbishop's residence was constructed nearby in the 1780s. St. Catherine Church (1715), with its 5 gilded pear domes, traditional for Ukrainian architecture, is thought to have been intended as a memorial to the regiment's exploits during the storm of Azov in 1696.

Monasteries

[edit]

All through the most trying periods of its history, Chernihiv retained its ecclesiastical importance as the seat of either a bishopric or an archbishopric. At the outskirts of the modern city lie two ancient cave monasteries formerly used as the bishops' residences.

The caves of the Yeletskyi Monastery are said to predate those of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves). Its magnificent six-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th to 12th centuries; some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in the interior. After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented and reconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells, and bell-tower all date from the 17th century.

The nearby mother superior's house is thought to be the oldest residential building in the Left-Bank Ukraine. The cloister's holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos, who made her epiphany to Sviatoslav of Chernigov on 6 February 1060. The icon, called Yeletskaya after the fir wood it was painted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav's descendants, the Baryatinsky family, in 1579.

The nearby Chernihiv Glory Memorial we can find Saint Anthony Caves of Saint Elijah and the Holy Trinity features a small eponymous church, built 800 years ago. The roomy Trinity cathedral, one of the most imposing monuments of Cossack baroque, was erected between 1679 and 1689. Its refectory, with the adjoining church of Presentation to the Temple, was finished by 1679. There are also the 17th-century towered walls, monastic cells, and the five-tiered belfry from the 1780s.

Other historic abbeys in the vicinity of Chernihiv include those in Kozelets and Hustynia, which feature superb examples of Ukrainian Baroque.

Economy

[edit]

Industry

[edit]

Cheksil, one of the largest enterprises in the Ukrainian textile industry, is based in Chernihiv. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1963.[39] The city also has the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory established in 1933. In 1995 a manufacturer of goods for animals, called COLLAR Company, was established by Yuri Sinitsa.[40][41][42]

Education

[edit]
Chernihiv National University of Technology

Chernihiv has a Chernihiv Polytechnic National University and Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv College".

Transport

[edit]

Train

[edit]
Chernihiv Ovruch railway in Chernihiv

Chernihiv has a train station with bus station called Chernihiv Ovruch railway. Narrow gauge railway of 76 versts was laid from the Kruty station of the Moscow Kyiv-Voronezh railway towards Chernihiv. In 1893, on the left bank of the Desna River, in the area of a modern automobile bridge, a railway station was built along the Kyiv highway. Passengers were delivered here from the city and back by horse transport.

In 1925, traffic was opened on the Nizhyn to Chernigiv section of the Southwest Railway. But rail transport in Chernihiv was postponed until 1928. The bridge over the Desna River was not ready and trains still arrived on the left bank, where the old narrow-gauge railway station was located, and passengers got to Chernihiv by road bridge. According to 2006 data, the volume of freight traffic is 84,737 wagons per year. Over 4.5 million passengers are transported each year.

However, the condition of the rolling stock and the quality of the services provided do not meet modern requirements. Since the introduction of the new high-speed train timetable, the trailed wagons of the 93/94 Chernihiv – Odesa train were canceled. As of 2015, regular trains from Minsk to Odesa, and from St. Petersburg to Kyiv to Kharkiv run through Chernihiv, and there are direct connections with Moscow. Trains to Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia) were canceled on 27 December 2014 due to Russia's annexation of Crimea.

Air transport

[edit]

The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base. The close airport is in Kyiv at the Boryspil Airport located 143.1 kilometres (89 miles) away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhuliany Airport located 158.7 km (98.6 mi) away on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyiv.

Bus and trolleybus

[edit]
Trolleybus in Chernihiv

A popular transport to Chernihiv from Kyiv is marshrutka from Chernihivska and Lisova metro stations, which go to the centre of Chernihiv, often to Peremohy Avenue. Buses to Novhorod-Siverskyi leave hourly from Chernihiv's Central bus station, located near the Chernihiv train station.

Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses. There is no direct connection between railway station and Chernihiv-1 bus station to the most central sights on the Val. Trolleybus 1 and bus 38 are going to the Drama Theater stop near Piatnytska Church. Different routes come to Hotel Ukraine from different sides.

Sports and facilities

[edit]
See also: List of Chernihiv Sport Teams

FC Desna Chernhiv

[edit]
Players of FC Desna Chernihiv 2014-05-22

The main Football club of Chernihiv is called FC Desna Chernihiv, the original name of the club was "Avanhard Chernihiv" during its first year of existence. Between 1961 and 1970 the club was called Desna. In 1972 it was replaced with SC Chernihiv (team of the SKA Kyiv) that played in Chernihiv for the next couple of years. In 1977 Desna was revived now in place of the amateur club "Khimik Cherhihiv" that won regional competitions. On 27 May 2018, the team got promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the first time in their history.

The original team colours were blue shirts, blue shorts, blue socks. The team got into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup in the season 2017–18 against Dynamo Kyiv. The club and during the season 2019–20 got again into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup for the second time of the history of the club. In Premier League in the season 2019–20, Desna got into the play-offs for the Championship round table and qualified mathematically at least for the Europa League third qualifying round, for the first time in the history of the Club since 1960.[43]

FC Chernihiv

[edit]

FC Chernihiv is another club in the city of Chernihiv, founded in 2003, which they play in Chernihiv Arena, they won the Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship. The club in 2020, got a certificate for vistup to participate for the Ukrainian Second League for the season 2020–21. For the first time in the entire history, the place will be represented in professional football by two teams, one of which is FC Desna Chernihiv.[44] In 2022 the club was admitted into the Ukrainian First League for the season 2022–23, keeping high the name of the city in the sport sphere.[45][46]

WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv

[edit]

WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv is Ukrainian professional women's football club from Chernihiv. The team won 6 times the Top Division, four times the Women's Cup and been in both competition second only behind Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv. The club won also the Italy Women's Cup in 2007. In the 2001–02, 2003–04, 2006–07 seasons they played in the UEFA Women's Cup.

Sport complex

[edit]
See also: List of Chernihiv Sport Complex

Chernihiv Stadium

[edit]
Stadion Yuri Gagarin in Chernihiv

The Club of FC Desna Chernihiv played at the Olympic sports training center "Chernihiv" (formerly Stadion Yuriya Gagarina). The Chernihiv Stadium was built in 1936 for 3,000 spectators in eastern portion of a city park (garden) that exists since 1804 and where previously was located residence of the Chernihiv Archbishops.

Chernihiv Arena

[edit]

The city of Chernihiv has also another sport complex called Chernihiv Arena in Kil'tseva St, 2а, Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, 14039. Here play the club FC Chernihiv, WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv the Ukrainian professional women's football club of city and sometimes by Desna-2 Chernihiv, Desna-3 Chernihiv.

Cemeteries

[edit]
  • Old Jewish Cemetery[47][48][49]
  • Old Cemetery
  • Yatsevo Cemetery
  • Yelovshchyna Cemetery
  • Kotovske Cemetery
  • Stara Basan Cemetery
  • Radomka Cemetery
  • Palchyky Selo Cemetery
  • Kholmy Ukraine Cemetery
[edit]
A panoramic view of the Krasna Square
A Chernihiv panorama from Desna River to Catherine's Church

Honorary citizens

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]
Vladyslav Atroshenko, 2013
Oleksandr Chemerov, 2012
Yulia Svyrydenko, 2021

Sport

[edit]
Andriy Yarmolenko, 2019

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Chernihiv is twinned with:[50]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ У в.о. мера Чернігова проводять обшуки
  2. ^ Small biography on Oleksandr Lomako, Civil movement "Chesno" (in Ukrainian)
  3. ^ "Чернігівська територіальна громада" (in Ukrainian). decentralization.gov.ua.
  4. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Zelensky gives the honorary title 'Hero City' to Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Mariupol, Kherson, Hostomel, and Volnovakha". Kyiv Independent. March 6, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  6. ^ "What does Chernyy mean". www.wordhippo.com. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  7. ^ "Chernikov". www.chernikov.com/. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  8. ^ Олександер, Мишанич (1989). Літопис Руський: За Іпатьским Списком Переклав Леогід Махимович (in Ukrainian). Київ: Дніпро. p. 18. ISBN 5308000522.
  9. ^ Nasledie Svyatoy Rusi Archived 2018-04-02 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed on January 12, 2006
  10. ^ "CHERNIGOV - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com.
  11. ^ "Chernigov".
  12. ^ "Gefängnis Cernihiv". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Jüdisches Arbeitsbataillon Cernihiv". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  14. ^ ""Leninopad" continues – monuments dismantled in Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava and Chernihiv". Ukrainska Pravda. 2014-02-22.
  15. ^ The monument of Lenin in Chernihiv has fallen on YouTube
  16. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  17. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
  18. ^ "Rzeszow Signs Partnership Agreement With Chernihiv | MENAFN.COM". menafn.com. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  19. ^ "Rzeszow signs partnership agreement with Chernihiv". www.ukrinform.net. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  20. ^ "Раньше всех. Ну почти". t.me. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  21. ^ Santora, Marc (2022-03-10). "What Happened on Day 15 of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  22. ^ Russian Military Leaves Chernihiv Region, Plants Mines In Many Areas - Governor Chaus, Ukrainian News Agency (5 April 2022)
  23. ^ "10 найбільш зруйнованих міст України, серед яких і місто-герой – Чернігів (ВІДЕО)". 0462. 2022-05-03.
  24. ^ "Три месяца войны России в Украине: главные события, фотографии и инфографика". BBC News | Русская служба. 2022-05-24.
  25. ^ Siobhán O'Grady, Kostiantyn Khudov (17 April 2024). "Russia hits Chernihiv, killing 17 as Ukraine pleads for air defense". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  26. ^ "Cities & Towns of Ukraine".
  27. ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України" (in Ukrainian).
  28. ^ Bilaniuk, Laada; Svitlana Melnyk (2008). "A Tense and Shifting Balance: Bilingualism and Education in Ukraine". In Aneta Pavlenko (ed.). Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Multilingual Matters. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84769-087-6. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
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Sources

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  • Ocherk istorii goroda Chernigova 907–1907 gg. (Chernihiv 1908)
  • Hrushevs'kyi, M. (ed). Chernihiv i Pivnichne Livoberezhzhia (Kyiv 1928)
  • Martin Dimnik. The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246.
  • Rybakov, B. Drevnosti Chernigova (Moscow 1949)
  • Ignatkin, I. Chernigov (Kyiv 1955)
  • Iedomakha, I. Chernihiv (Kyiv 1958)
  • Logvin, G.N. (Г. Н. Логвин) (1965). Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Glukhov, Putivl (Чернигов, Новгород-Северский, Глухов, Путивль) (in Russian). Moscow.
  • Asieiev, Iu. Arkhitektura Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1969)
  • Karnabida, A. Chernihiv. Istorychno-arkhitekturnyi narys (Kyiv 1969)
  • (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP – Чернігівська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR – Chernihiv Oblast), Kyiv. (in Ukrainian)
  • Asieiev, Iu. Dzherela. Mystetstvo Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1980)
  • Pyotr Rappoport (П. А. Раппопорт) (1993). Ancient Russian Architecture (Древнерусская архитектура) (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg.
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