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Henley & Partners

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Henley & Partners
Company typePrivate
IndustryConsultancy
Founded1997; 27 years ago (1997)
Headquarters
London, UK
Number of locations
55 (2024)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Christian Kälin (Chairman and Partner)[1]
  • Juerg Steffen (CEO)
  • Stefan Kraus (COO)[2]
  • Dominic Volek (Group Head of Private Clients)[3]
ServicesResidence-by-investment, Citizenship-by-investment and Real estate advisory

Henley & Partners is a British investment migration consultancy based in London. The company offers services to individuals and consults governments on residence and citizenship programs.[4] In some cases, the company even runs the programs on behalf of governments.[5] The company has pioneered the industry of selling citizenship and passports.[6][7][8]

It has been criticised for its core business model, which detractors believe to threaten the fight against cross-border corruption and crime.[9] Henley's immigrant investor programs in Malta and in St. Kitts and Nevis have stirred controversy.[8][6]

Led by Christian Kälin, the firm is, as of 2020, the world's largest investment migration consultancy.[4] It has 55 offices worldwide.[10] Henley & Partners publishes rankings and reports on global mobility, investment and wealth migration trends including the Henley Passport Index and the Quality of Nationality Index.[11][12]

History

[edit]

Originally founded in the 1970s, Henley & Partners was re-formed in 1997 through the combination of a private client immigration consultancy and a corporate and family services company. In the late 1990s and through the 2000s, the firm advised wealthy businesspeople and individuals move their businesses and families around the world, largely through the acquisition of residence and citizenship from Austria, Canada, Hong Kong, US, Switzerland, and St. Kitts and Nevis.[13][14][15] Early on, the company's focus was on advising wealthy people how they could lower their taxes by acquiring residence in countries such as Switzerland.[7]

In 2006, the firm partnered with St. Kitts and Nevis, trailblazing sales of citizenship and passports.[7] The firm restructured St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship-by-investment program, incorporating donations to support the country's transition to tourism and services following the closure of the sugar industry in 2005.[16] Following the restructuring of the St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship program, Henley & Partners began to aggressively promote the new scheme. Henley organized large-scale conferences where it promoted its services and connected buyers of passports to sellers.[7]

The company has advised the governments of Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and Cyprus on how to develop their own investment migration programs,[17] and has since that time worked for and been mandated by several other governments.[18][19][20][21] In 2012, Henley & Partners designed Antigua and Barbuda’s Citizenship-by-Investment Programme (CIP) under a government mandate.[22] In 2017, the Government of Thailand appointed Henley & Partners to handle the international marketing of the country's residence program.[23]

As part of its services, Henley provides domestic public relations services to governments that enter into passport sales programs, helping government parties to deal with opposition parties.[5] Henley has also lobbied at the EU level.[5]

St. Kitts and Nevis

[edit]

In 2006, the firm restructured St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship-by-investment program, and obtained exclusive rights to market St. Kitts & Nevis worldwide.[8] The company gave the country's government a $20,000 fee for every successful applicant for its passport program.[8] Applicants for passports could either invest $400,000 in real state on the islands or donate $250,000 to the Sugar Industry Diversification Foundation (SIDF), a bank-owned investment vehicle set up in 2006 to invest on behalf of the St. Kitts and Nevis population.[8][7] The St. Kitts and Nevis government outsourced its escrow services and application processing to Henley, as well as paid the company to promote the country's program internationally.[7] The country gave the company "a wide range of powers and discretion."[24] Henley was paid a 10% commission ($25,000) for every donation to the SIDF.[7]

The contract between Henley & Partners and St. Kitts and Nevis ended in 2013.[8] The same year, the company set up a similar program in neighboring country Antigua and Barbuda.[24] The firm reportedly earned $250 million from its contract with St. Kitts and Nevis.[7] The company also earned professional fees that it charged clients applying for citizenship; the fee for each file could exceed $100,000.[7] According to London School of Economics Professor Kristin Surak, the precise dynamics between Henley and St. Kitts and Nevis are murky, as "there are virtually no accessible records of the negotiations, and those involved in the development of the program offer few details when asked."[24]

The program was lucrative for St. Kitts and Nevis.[7] According to a 2015 report by the International Monetary Fund, the program helped St. Kitts and Nevis get out of a four-year recession, along with "supporting economic recovery, improving macroeconomic balances and boosting bank liquidity." It also contributed to 13 percent of the country's GDP and generated 40 percent of government revenue.[25][26][27]

In May 2014, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network issued a warning that St. Kitts and Nevis had granted passports to foreign individuals who had abused the Citizenship-by-Investment program sponsored "for the purpose of engaging in illicit financial activity."[28] In November 2014, Canada announced it was requiring St. Kitts and Nevis citizens to obtain a visa from 22 November 2014, due to concerns about “identity management practices within its Citizenship by Investment program.”[29] Following the announcement, the government of St. Kitts and Nevis initiated a recall on all biometric passports issued between January 2012 and July 2014, and replaced them with new passports which showed the holder's place of birth as well as any previous name changes.[30] Canada subsequently reinstated visa-free travel by air for eligible St. Kitts and Nevis citizens.[31]

Observers have had persistent concerns about the lack of transparency about SIDF, which was set up by Henley & Partners. The IMF said in 2014 that the SIDF needs to make "substantial improvement in its reporting to enhance the transparency of its operations."[8] The U.S. State Department said in 2017 that there was a "lack of financial oversight" of the SIDF.[8] Transparency International said it was unclear whether the SIDF used its money to benefit the St. Kitts and Nevis population.[8]

It was later revealed that some of the SIDF's investments had failed. SIDF invested a part of its money into a failed resort business and a company owned by a Henley associate with ties to chairman Christian Kälin.[8] In 2017, the St Kitts and Nevis government stopped allowing passport applicants to pay into the SIDF.[8]

According to 2022 reporting by the OCCRP, there is evidence that Henley CEO Christian Kälin helped to finance the successful 2010 re-election campaign of Denzil Douglas, the St. Kitts and Nevis prime minister.[32] At the same time, Henley entered into at least three agreements with the SCL Group or its affiliated companies to help each other in the Caribbean region.[32] Henley has denied financing the Douglas campaign. However, Douglas stated in an unpublished 2018 interview that Henley did fund his campaign and that the SCL Group was hired to manage the campaign. Henley responded by calling Douglas a liar.[32]

Malta

[edit]

In 2013, Henley & Partners participated in a public tender and won the right to design and globally promote Malta's citizenship-by-investment program, the Malta Individual Investor Programme (IIP), which raised over $1 billion within 18 months of its launch.[33] However, the public tender was not competitive.[34] Arton Capital, a competing firm, filed a judicial protest, appealing the decision to award the contract to its competitor, claiming that Henley & Partners provided consultation to the government on a similar program before.[35] Arton Capital settled out of court in 2015.[36]

The citizenship-by-investment program and the relationship between Henley and the Malta government was criticized at the time.[34] Critics in Malta argued that the concessions to Henley were overly lucrative and may have entailed conflicts of interest.[34] Henley received 4% of each donation, which meant €26,000 per application for citizenship.[34] In the first two years of the program, Henley earned €14 million from 564 applications.[37]

The program provides citizenship to foreign individuals and their families who are believed to contribute to the country's economic development. The country later introduced more stringent conditions for acquiring citizenship, such as proof of residence in Malta for at least 12 months.[38] The launch of the IIP in 2014 drew criticism from opposition officials, who claimed the program could open a back door into Europe for criminals.[39] It was reported at the time that officials believed the screening process would be compromised because Malta had outsourced the vetting of citizenship applicants to a single company.[39]

In May 2017, Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia accused Kälin and other Maltese politicians of collusion to sue her, opposition MP Jason Azzopardi and three media houses over their coverage. She published leaked email exchanges between Kälin, Malta prime minister Joseph Muscat, Justice Minister Owen Bonnici and IIP CEO Jonathan Cardona planning threats of financially ruinous SLAPP lawsuits in UK courts, which is known to have friendly libel laws. In September 2020, her son, journalist Matthew Caruana Galizia, gave a Maltese court of inquiry her notes, call logs, and the leaked emails.[40][41][42]

In May 2018, English PEN released a public statement about concerns around the libels cases, from senior government officials of Malta and Henley & Partners, faced by Caruana Galizia’s family and The Shift News, an independent media outlet.[43][44] The company representatives told a European Parliament delegation that was investigating the rule of law in Malta, "The point of the email was to ask the government if they would be ok with a legal action H&P was planning to take (which can have political repercussions).[45]

In 2021, thousands of the firm's emails and documents were leaked.[6] It revealed how some applicants to the Maltese scheme claimed to be resident of the country by renting apartments but leaving them unoccupied.[6] In an undercover video shot as part of the coverage following the leaks, an employee of the firm advised prospective applicants to only "do the bare minimum" in satisfying the scheme's criteria.[46] The documents also showed that Henley & Partners knew of government's plans to launch a citizenship-by-investment programme two months before the public tender for a company to operate it was announced.[47] As the European Union had clashed with the Maltese government over the programme before,[48][49] the leaks were seen as strengthening the EU's case against it.[49][50]

Cyprus

[edit]

Jho Low, a businessman involved in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal and international fugitive, was believed to be a client of Henley & Partners. Media reported that Low obtained a Cypriot passport by investing €5 million in a transaction facilitated by the firm.[51][52][53] Henley & Partners denied these allegations, asserting that Low was never a client and was specifically rejected as such in 2015.[54] Leaked documents in 2021 revealed that Henley referred Low to a third-party agency in Cyprus. Henley received €710,000 indirectly as a result of a subsequent real estate transaction involving Low.[55][56]

Publications

[edit]

Henley & Partners publishes books and reports.[57][58][59][60][61] The company publishes indices that enable potential clients to choose where to apply for passports, as well as glossy magazines that advertise the company's services.[5] Publications include the Henley Passport Index, the Quality of Nationality Index,[11] the Henley Residence Index, the Henley Citizenship Index, the Henley Wealth Migration Dashboard,[62] the Africa Wealth Report,[63] the Global Mobility Report, the Global Citizens Report and the Best Investment Migration Real Estate Index.[64][65][66] In 2023, the company published the USA Wealth Report.[67][68]

  • In March 2021, the company published the Investment Migration Programs Health Risk Assessment Report, which analyzed the stability of 31 countries with investment migration programs, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.[69][70]
  • The Africa Wealth Report is an annual report which lists private wealth in the African continent. The 2022 report was released by the company in collaboration with New World Wealth.[71][63]
  • The Henley Passport Index is an annual ranking of countries in the world based on how many travel destinations are accessible to the passport holders without a prior visa.[12]
  • The Investment Migration Climate Resilience Index by the company assesses a country's climate resilience and ranks climate resilient locations for migration. The 2022 report evaluated 180 countries based on five parameters of 900 data points.[72]
  • The Global Citizens Report is a report by the company which analyses the private wealth and investment migration trends worldwide.[73]
  • The World's Wealthiest Cities Report is an annual report by the company which ranks the wealthiest cities in the world based on the number of high-net-worth individuals living in the city.[74][75][76]
  • The company publishes the Crypto Wealth Report in collaboration with New World Wealth.[77][78] As part of the report, the company has developed a Crypto Adoption Index, which ranks countries based on their regulatory and tax approach to crypto.[79]

Other activities

[edit]

Since 2006,[80] the company hosts an annual Global Citizenship Conference.[81][82][83][84] The firm is a 2014 founding member of the Investment Migration Council, a non-profit association for investor immigration and citizenship-by-investment.[85]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ""Private cities" for refugees?". Tages-Anzeiger (in German). 24 August 2024.
  2. ^ Nesheim, Christian Henrik (30 July 2021). "Special: 9 Industry Leaders on How COVID Changed the IM Market".
  3. ^ "Dominic Volek: «Largest Millionaire Migration Flows May Come in 2023»". finews.com. 20 December 2022.
  4. ^ a b Kazeem, Yomi (26 August 2020). "Wealthy Nigerians are buying up passports for cash from Caribbean nations to beat visa rules". Quartz. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d Kalm, Sara (2023). "The Business of Citizenship: Investment Citizenship Firms in Global Governance". Global Society. 37 (1): 68–92. doi:10.1080/13600826.2021.2021863. ISSN 1360-0826.
  6. ^ a b c d "Revealed: residency loophole in Malta's cash-for-passports scheme". The Guardian. 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Surak, Kristin (2023). The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press. pp. 42–45. doi:10.4159/9780674294738. ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Conflicts of Interest and Controversial Clients: Henley & Partners' Caribbean Business". OCCRP. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  9. ^ Guarascio, Francesco (2019-01-23). "EU warns of crime risks from governments' sales of passports, visas". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  10. ^ ""Private cities" for refugees?". Tages-Anzeiger (in German). 24 August 2024.
  11. ^ a b Martin, Will. "The 22 most powerful passports in the world". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 July 2023. Business Insider looked at the Quality of Nationality Index, produced annually by Henley & Partners
  12. ^ a b Report, Dawn (21 July 2022). "Pakistani passport remains 'fourth-worst in world'". Dawn. The Henley Passport Index is a ranking of all the world's 199 passports according to the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa
  13. ^ Barber, Hoyt (2007). Tax havens today : the benefits and pitfalls of banking and investing offshore. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-05123-8.
  14. ^ Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia (2015). The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen. Columbia Global Reports. pp. 70–93. ISBN 978-0-9909763-6-3.
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  16. ^ Clenfield, Jason (12 March 2015). "The Man Who Helps Countries Turn Investments Into Passports for the Rich". Skift.
  17. ^ Clenfield, Jason (12 March 2015). "The Man Who Helps Countries Turn Investments Into Passports for the Rich". Skift.
  18. ^ "Government Advisory Practice - Henley & Partners". www.henleyglobal.com.
  19. ^ "Thailand Lures The Ultra Wealthy". finews.asia. 31 March 2017.
  20. ^ Ljubas, Zdravko (4 October 2019). "Montenegro Launches Golden Visa Application Process". occrp.org.
  21. ^ "From Malta to Moldova: Henley & Partners new citizenship adventure". The Malta Independent. 14 July 2018.
  22. ^ Jones, Harvey (2017-07-21). "Passport to a better life: citizenship opportunities available to you". The National. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  23. ^ "Thailand Lures The Ultra Wealthy". finews.asia. 31 March 2017.
  24. ^ a b c Surak, Kristin (2023). The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press. pp. 45–46. doi:10.4159/9780674294738. ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8.
  25. ^ "IMF Working Paper - Too Much of a Good Thing?" (PDF). IMF.org. Retrieved 23 August 2023. In St. Kitts and Nevis, for example, the inflows into the real estate sector are fueling a construction boom, which has pulled the economy out of a four-year recession.
  26. ^ Bullough, Oliver (21 July 2018). "Is St Kitts And Nevis' passport scheme lucrative for all involved?". British GQ. pulled St Kitts And Nevis out of a four-year recession, as well as "supporting economic recovery, improving key macroeconomic balances and boosting bank liquidity".
  27. ^ Grassegger, Hannes (9 December 2022). "EU-Pässe für Saudis und Russen – Wie ein Jurist aus Zürich zum grössten Passvermittler der Welt aufstieg". Tages-Anzeiger (in German).
  28. ^ "Abuse of the Citizenship-by-Investment Program Sponsored by the Federation of St Kitts and Nevis". Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. 2014-05-20. Archived from the original on 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  29. ^ "Notice – St Kitts and Nevis citizens now need a visa to travel to Canada". Government of Canada. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  30. ^ "St Kitts and Nevis recalls passports over security concerns from Canada and US". South China Morning Post. 2014-12-08. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  31. ^ "Eligible travellers from 13 more countries now qualify for visa-free travel to Canada". Canada.ca. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 6 June 2023. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  32. ^ a b c ""A Faustian Pact": How Henley & Partners' "Passport King" and Cambridge Analytica's Parent Firm Sought to Sway Caribbean Politics". OCCRP. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  33. ^ "Malta passport programme 'best in the world' - €1 billion raised since launch - Henley". Times of Malta. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  34. ^ a b c d Surak, Kristin (2023). The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires. Harvard University Press. pp. 65–66. doi:10.4159/9780674294738. ISBN 978-0-674-29473-8.
  35. ^ "Government challenged in court over choice of concessionaire for citizenship sale". Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  36. ^ "Arton Capital drops court case against government over choice of concessionaire for citizenship sale". Retrieved 2016-07-19.
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  39. ^ a b Bilefsky, Dan (2014-04-05). "Citizenship-for-Cash Program in Malta Stirs Security Concerns in European Union". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  40. ^ RTS, Jérôme Galichet (February 2023). "Achetez votre nationalité préférée: enquête sur le business des passeports dorés". SWI swissinfo.ch (in French). Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  41. ^ "PM, Schembri 'colluded' with Henley in media threat plan, used unofficial email addresses". The Malta Independent. 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  42. ^ "Emails, notes revealed Henley's plan to keep Daphne quiet, inquiry told". Times of Malta. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  43. ^ "Daphne Caruana Galizia: World Press Freedom Day". English PEN. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  44. ^ Garside, Juliette (2018-06-01). "Murdered Maltese reporter faced threat of libel action in UK". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  45. ^ "Henley and Partners says it only sues Maltese journalists if government gives its 'OK'". 2018. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  46. ^ "Passport Papers: 'To the clients, we say do the bare minimum'". Times of Malta. 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  47. ^ Borg, Jacob (2021-04-23). "Passport Papers: Henley 'prepared' for scheme months before public call". Times of Malta. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  48. ^ Micallef, Keith (2020-01-27). "Henley and Partners earned €36m in commissions from passport scheme". Times of Malta. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  49. ^ a b Harding, Luke; Pegg, David (2021-04-22). "How 'golden passports' firm lays on VIP service to colourful list of clients". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  50. ^ "Malta golden passports: 'Loopholes' found in citizenship scheme". BBC News. 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  51. ^ "Henley & Partners denies wanted fugitive Jho Low a client". The Malaysian Reserve. 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  52. ^ "Malaysian fugitive businessman Jho Low believed to be using multiple passports to criss-cross globe". The Straits Times. 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  53. ^ "Fugitive bought second passport". www.theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  54. ^ "Golden Visa Firm Hits Back At Malaysia Financier Claims". WealthBriefing. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  55. ^ "A Key Player in Malaysia's Biggest-ever Corruption Scandal Found Sanctuary in Cyprus With Help from a Major London Firm". OCCRP. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  56. ^ "Malaysian fugitive tried to buy 'golden passport' to EU, report says". The Guardian. 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
  57. ^ Kälin, Christian H. (2016-01-27). Global Residence and Citizenship Handbook (5 ed.). Ideos Publications. ISBN 978-0-9927818-5-9.
  58. ^ Global Residence and Citizenship Programs 2015 (2 ed.). Ideos Publication. 2015-04-07. ISBN 978-0-9927818-1-1.
  59. ^ Kälin, Christian H.; Taylor, Andrew (2015). International Real Estate Handbook (5 ed.). Ideos Publications. ISBN 978-0-9927818-3-5.
  60. ^ "The best countries to "buy" your way into dual citizenship". businesstech.co.za.
  61. ^ "Countries with best, worst passports". Emirates 24|7.
  62. ^ Taylor, Chloe. "15,000 millionaires are expected to leave Russia this year. Here's where the rich are going". Fortune. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  63. ^ a b Benson, Emmanuel Abara (27 April 2022). "10 African countries with the highest number of dollar millionaires, according to latest ranking". Business Insider Africa. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  64. ^ Chadha, Sunainaa (9 February 2022). "Dubai takes top spot in new real estate migration index". The Times of India.
  65. ^ "UAE takes top spot in new global real estate index". Gulf News. 8 February 2022.
  66. ^ Tamara, Hardingham-Gill; Maureen, O'Hare. "World's most powerful passport list impacted by Ukraine conflict". CNN. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  67. ^ Towey, Hannah. "Wealthy Americans are racing to get the EU's last remaining 'golden passport' before it's gone". Business Insider. Retrieved 14 June 2024. according to Henley & Partners' 2023 USA Wealth Report, released Thursday.
  68. ^ McEvoy, Jemima. "Henley & Partners, Leader In Controversial 'Golden Passports,' Sets Sights On U.S.'s Ultra Rich". Forbes. According to a "USA Wealth Report" published in conjunction with the event,
  69. ^ Warren, Katie (24 March 2021). "The 10 most valuable passports money can buy if you want access to a country that handled the COVID-19 pandemic effectively". Business Insider.
  70. ^ Abbas, Waheed (23 March 2021). "UAE rated among top 10 countries by millionaires seeking health security". Khaleej Times.
  71. ^ Rahhali, Lamine. "Morocco 1 of 5 Countries with More than 50% of Africa's Private Wealth". Morocco World News. Retrieved 15 September 2022. The Africa Wealth Report is a yearly report that lists private wealth in the continent.
  72. ^ Chadha, Sunainaa. "Best investment migration options to improve climate resilience". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 September 2022. The study comprises over 900 different data points within 5 parameters
  73. ^ Oommen, Anup. "UAE ranked world's top millionaire destination in 2022 as a 'powerful magnet for talent and capital'". Arabian Business. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  74. ^ Dane Wingco, Tyler (31 May 2023). "Ten wealthiest cities in the world". GQ. Retrieved 3 June 2023. Henley & Partners released its annual report on the world's wealthiest cities for 2023
  75. ^ Kiderlin, Sophie (19 April 2023). "These are the 10 fastest-growing millionaire hotspots worldwide — and three are in the U.S." CNBC. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  76. ^ Frishberg, Hannah (20 April 2023). "NYC is the world's wealthiest city: Report". NY Post. Retrieved 3 June 2023. newly released World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023
  77. ^ "Singapore emerges as top crypto hub; Switzerland, UAE follow suit". Fortune (magazine). 1 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  78. ^ Kiderlin, Sophie (6 September 2023). "There are just six bitcoin billionaires in the world, new crypto super-rich report says". CNBC. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  79. ^ Frank, Robert (27 August 2024). "Bitcoin rally helps create more than 84,000 new crypto millionaires in a year". CNBC. Retrieved 25 September 2024. report from New World Wealth and Henley & Partners... ranking countries according to their tax and regulatory approach to crypto
  80. ^ Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia (2015). The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen. Columbia Global Reports. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-9909763-6-3.
  81. ^ "15th Global Citizenship Conference". www.henleyglobal.com.
  82. ^ Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia (12 February 2012). "Special Report: Passports . . . for a price". Reuters.
  83. ^ Neate, Rupert (16 November 2019). "London ballroom hosts showcase event for 'golden passports'". The Guardian.
  84. ^ Nigeria, Guardian (15 November 2023). "Mustapha, Chibok girls' mediator, bags Global Citizen award". The Guardian Nigeria. Retrieved 30 November 2023. 17th Global Citizenship Conference in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
  85. ^ Borg, Gianluca (2014-10-03). "The founding of the Investment Migration Council". Investment Migration Council. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
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