Hawala and crime
Hawala and crime describes notable examples of hawala used in money laundering.
By country
[edit]USA
[edit]Post-9/11 money laundering crackdowns
[edit]Some government officials [which?] assert that hawala can be used to facilitate money laundering, avoid taxation and move wealth anonymously.[citation needed] As a result, it is illegal in some U.S. states, India and Pakistan.[1]
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the American government suspected that some hawala brokers may have helped terrorist organizations transfer money to fund their activities, and the 9/11 Commission Report stated that "Al Qaeda frequently moved the money it raised by hawala".[2] As a result of intense pressure from the U.S. authorities to introduce systematic anti-money laundering initiatives on a global scale, a number of hawala networks were closed down and a number of hawaladars were successfully prosecuted for money laundering. However, there is little evidence that these actions brought the authorities any closer to identifying and arresting a significant number of terrorists or drug smugglers.[3] Experts emphasized that the overwhelming majority of those who used these informal networks were doing so for legitimate purposes, and simply chose to use a transaction medium other than state-supported banking systems.[4] Today[when?], the hawala system in Afghanistan is instrumental in providing financial services for the delivery of emergency relief and humanitarian and developmental aid for the majority of international and domestic NGOs, donor organizations, and development aid agencies.[5]
In November 2001, the US administration froze the assets of Al-Barakat, a Somali remittance hawala company used primarily by a large number of Somali immigrants. Many of its agents in several countries were initially arrested, though later freed after no concrete evidence against them was found. In August 2006 the last Al-Barakat representatives were taken off the U.S. terror list, though some assets remain frozen.[6] The mass media has speculated that pirates from Somalia use the hawala system to move funds internationally, for example into neighboring Kenya, where these transactions are neither taxed nor recorded.[7]
In January 2010, the Kabul office of New Ansari Exchange, Afghanistan's largest hawala money transfer business, was closed following a raid by the Sensitive Investigative Unit, the country's national anti-political corruption unit, allegedly because this company was involved in laundering profits from the illicit opium trade and the moving of cash earned by government allied warlords through extortion and drug trafficking. Thousands of records were seized, from which links were found between money transfers by this company and political and business figures and NGOs in the country, including relatives of President Hamid Karzai.[8] In August 2010, Karzai took control of the task force that staged the raid, and the US-advised anti-corruption group, the Major Crimes Task Force. He ordered a commission to review scores of past and current anti-corruption inquests.[9]
Between October 2010 and June 2012, the U.S. government charged four Somali defendants with laundering $10,900 for al-Shabaab using hawalas. The defendants were Basaaly Saeed Moalin, Mohamed Mohamed Mohamud, Issa Doreh and Ahmed Nasir Taalil Mohamud. The indictment relied upon illegally collected metadata under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. The convictions were upheld by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals.[10]
Germany
[edit]In 2021, 75 tons of gold worth 1.6 billion euros was smuggled by a gang from Germany to Turkey using hawala.[11]
Sweden
[edit]In February 2022, An exchange office on Södermalm in Stockholm has laundered money for numerous criminal networks. In total, the exchange office has laundered more than 200 million Swedish krona.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Jost, Patrick M.; Sandhu, Harjit Singh. "The Hawala Alternative Remittance System and its Role in Money Laundering" (PDF). Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016..
- ^ Desrosiers, David A. "Al Qaeda Aims at the American Homeland - A Money Trail?". 911.gnu-designs.com.
- ^ Passas, Nikos (November 2006). "Fighting terror with error: the counter-productive regulation of informal value transfers" (PDF). Crime, Law and Social Change. 45 (4–5): 315–36. doi:10.1007/s10611-006-9041-5. S2CID 153709254. Retrieved 2011-06-16.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Passas, Nikos (2006). "Demystifying Hawala: A Look into its Social Organization and Mechanics". Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. 7 (suppl 1): 46–62. doi:10.1080/14043850601029083. S2CID 145753289.
- ^ Maimbo, Samuel Munzele (August 1, 2003), The money exchange dealers of Kabul – a study of the Hawala system in Afghanistan, The World Bank, p. 1, archived from the original on March 19, 2012, retrieved September 5, 2016.
- ^ "US ends Somali banking blacklist". BBC News. UK. August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
- ^ "Somali Pirates Take The Money And Run, To Kenya". NPR. 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "Afghan hawala ring tied to Karzai kinh". The Times of India. August 13, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
- ^ Rosenberg, Matthew (June 25, 2010). "Corruption Suspected in Airlift of Billions in Cash From Kabul". The Wall Street Journal. New York, NY, US. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
- ^ UNITED STATES V. MOALIN, F.3d (D.C. Cir. September 2, 2020).
- ^ Online, FOCUS. "Illegales Finanztransfersystem machte es möglich: Riesige Goldmenge von NRW in die Türkei geschleust". FOCUS Online (in German).
- ^ Rundberg, Hampus (11 February 2022). "Tolv personer döms för omfattande penningtvätt i växlingskontor". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish).