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Hasan al-Basri

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Al-Hasan al-Basri
Name of Hasan al-Basri with honorifics
Tābiʿūn;
Theologian, Ascetic, Scholar;
Imām of Basra, Lamp of Basra, Leader of the Ascetics
Bornc. 21 AH/642 CE
Medina, Rashidun Caliphate
DiedFriday, 5th Rajab 110 AH/15 October 728 (aged 86)
Basra, Umayyad Caliphate
Venerated inSunni Islam, Mu'tazilism
Major shrineTomb of Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Az Zubayr, Iraq
InfluencesUmar ibn Khattab and Ali ibn Abi Talib
InfluencedAbdul Wahid bin Zaid, Habib al-Ajami, and Harith al-Muhasibi, Amr ibn Ubayd, Abu Hanifa
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Abu Sa'id ibn Abi al-Hasan Yasar al-Basri, often referred to as Hasan of Basra or Hasan al-Basri,[a] was an ancient Muslim preacher, ascetic, theologian, exegete, scholar, and judge.[1]

Born in Medina in 642,[2] Hasan belonged to the second generation of Muslims, all of whom would subsequently be referred to as the tābiʿūn in Sunni Islamic piety.[2] He became one of "the most celebrated" of the tābiʿūn,[2] enjoying an "acclaimed scholarly career and an even more remarkable posthumous legacy in Islamic scholarship."[2]

Hasan, revered for his austerity and support for "renunciation" (zuhd), preached against worldliness and materialism during the early days of the Umayyad Caliphate, with his passionate sermons casting a "deep impression on his contemporaries."[3] His close relationships with several of the most prominent companions of Muhammad[3] only strengthened his standing as a teacher and scholar of the Islamic sciences.[3] The particular disciplines in which he is said to have excelled included exegesis (tafsīr) of the Quran,[2] whence his "name is invariably encountered in" classical and medieval commentaries on the scripture,[2] as well as theology.[2][4] Hasan became an important figure to the later founders of Sufism[4] with his name occurring "in many mystical silsilas (chains of teachers and their disciples) going back to Muḥammad" in the writings of Sunni mystics from the ninth-century onwards.[3]

Scholars have said that very few of Hasan's original writings survive, with his proverbs and maxims on various subjects having been transmitted primarily through oral tradition by his numerous disciples.[3] While fragments of his famed sermons do survive in the works of later authors, the only complete manuscripts that bear his name are apocryphal works such as the Risālat al-qadar ilā ʿAbd al-Malik (Epistle to ʿAbd al-Malik against the Predestinarians),[2] a pseudopigraphical text from the ninth or early-tenth century,[2] and another letter "of an ascetic and hortatory character" addressed to Umar II (d. 720),[2] which is likewise deemed spurious.[2]

Traditionally, Hasan has been commemorated as an outstanding figure by all the Sunni schools of thought,[3] and was frequently designated as one of the well respected of the early Islamic community in later writings by such important Sunni thinkers as Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 996),[5] Abu Nu`aym (d. 1038),[6] Ali Hujwiri (d. 1077),[7] Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1201),[8] and Attar of Nishapur (d. 1221).[9][3] In his famed Ḳūt al-ḳulūb, the most important work of Basran mysticism, Abu Talib al-Makki says of Hasan: "Ḥasan is our Imām in this doctrine which we represent. We walk in his footsteps and we follow his ways and from his lamp we have our light".[b][3]

Life

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Hasan was born in Medina in 642 CE.[3] His mother, Khayra, is said to have been a maidservant of one of Muhammad's wives, Umm Salama (d. 683), while his father, Peroz, was a Persian slave who originally hailed from southern Iraq.[10][11] According to tradition, Hasan grew up in Medina for the vast portion of his early life, prior to his family's move to Basra after the Battle of Siffin.[3] According to some scholars, it is "primarily this association with Medina and his acquaintance there with many of the notable Companions and wives of Muḥammad that elevated [Hasan's] importance as an authoritative figure in Muslim religious and historical genealogy."[3]

The various extant biographies relate that Hasan was once nursed by Umm Salama,[3] and that his mother took him after his birth to the caliph Umar (d. 644), who is related to have blessed him with the prayer: "O God! Please do make him wise in the faith and beloved to all people."[3] As he grew, Hasan began to be widely admired for his uncompromising faithfulness to the example of Muhammad.[3] The various early sources on Hasan's life relate that he frequently studied at the feet of the fourth caliph in Islam, Imam Ali (d. 661), during this period, who is said to have taught Hasan while the latter was still "an adolescent."[12] As there is evidence that the metaphysical idea of the abdal – forty major saints whose number, according to traditional mystical belief, is believed to remain constant till the Day of Judgment, with each group of forty being replaced by another upon their earthly death – was prevalent at the time,[13] there are traditions which relate that some of Hasan's contemporaries did indeed identify him as one of the abdal of that period.[14]

As a young man, Hasan took part in the campaigns of conquest in eastern Iran (ca. 663) and worked as a jewel-merchant,[3] prior to forsaking the business and military life for that of a pure ascetic and scholar.[3] It was during this latter period that he began to criticize the policies of the governors in Iraq, even stirring up the authorities to such a degree that he actually had to flee for the safety of his life under the reign of Ḥaj̲j̲āj, whose anger Hasan had roused due to his forthright condemnation of Ḥaj̲j̲āj's founding of Wāsiṭ in 705.[3] Farqad as-Sabakhi (d. 729), was an Armenian Christian convert to Islam.[15] Together with figures like as-Sabakhi and Rabia Basri (d. 801), Hasan began to publicly denounce the accumulation of riches by the wealthy; and it is said that he personally despised wealth to such a degree that he even "rejected a suitor for his daughter's hand who was famous for his wealth simply because of his riches."[3] Hasan died in Basra in 728, being eighty-six years old.[3] According to a tradition quoted by the medieval traditionist Qushayri (d. 1074), "on the night of al-Hasan al-Basri’s death ... [a local man] saw in a dream that the Gates of Heaven were opened and a crier announced: 'Verily, al-Hasan al-Basri is coming to God Most High, Who is pleased with him.'"[16]

Views

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As one scholar has explained, the essence of Hasan's message was "otherworldliness, abstinence, poverty, and reverential fear of God, although he also spoke of the knowledge and love of God, which he contrasted with love and knowledge of the world."[17]

Hagiographic traditions

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Islamic hagiography contains numerous widespread traditions and anecdotes relating to Hasan.[3] One of the most famous of these is the story of his conversion, which "relates that the great ascetic began his adult life as a successful jewel-merchant."[18] The hagiographic scholar John Renard summarizes the narrative thus: "Hasan once visited the Byzantine Emperor's court, and the vizier invited him to travel with him into the desert. There Hasan saw a lavish tent, to which came in succession a large army, four hundred scholars, elders, and four hundred beautiful servant maids. The vizier explained that each year since the Emperor's handsome young son had died of an illness, these throngs of Byzantine subjects had come to pay respects to the dead prince. After all these categories of royal subjects had entered and departed, the Emperor and his chief minister would go into the tent and explain to the deceased boy, in turn, how it grieved them that neither their might, nor learning, nor wisdom, nor wealth and beauty, nor authority had been sufficient to prolong his promising life. The striking scene persuaded Hasan of the need to be ever mindful of his mortality, and he was transformed from a prosperous businessman into a veritable archetype of the world-renouncing ascetic."[19]

Hasan's relationship with Muhammad

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Some hagiographic sources even indicate that Hasan actually met Muhammad as an infant.[20] The tradition relates that Muhammad, who "visited Umm Salama's house while the baby was there," "prayed for little Hasan and again bestowed blessings."[20] On another occasion, the child Hasan is said to have drunk some water from Muhammad's water jug.[20] When Muhammad learned that Hasan had drunk the water, he is said to have "declared that the boy would receive knowledge from him in proportion to the water he had imbibed."[20]

Characteristics

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According to various historical sources, it is said that Hasan was admired by his contemporaries for his handsome appearance.[21] With some assserting he had blue eyes.[22][23] In this connection, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 1350) relates an older tradition, which states: "A group of women went out on the day of Eid and went about looking at people. They were asked: 'Who is the most handsome person you have seen today?' They replied: 'It is a teacher wearing a black turban.' They meant al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī."[21] As for his personality, it is related that Hasan was a frequent weeper, being known by those around him "for the abundance of tears he shed out of compunction for his sins."[19] One particular tradition relates that he wept so much praying on his rooftop one day that his abundant tears began to run off "through the downspouts upon a passerby, who inquired whether the water was clean."[19] Hasan immediately called out to the man below, telling him "it was not, for these were sinner's tears."[24] As such, "he advised the passerby to wash himself forthwith."[24] In a similar vein, Qushayri related of Hasan: "One would never see al-Hasan al-Basri without thinking that he had just been afflicted with a terrible tragedy."[25] With regard to these traditions, one scholar noted that it is evident that Hasan "was deeply steeped in the sadness and fear so typical of ascetics of all religions."[26]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Arabic: الحسن البصري, romanized: Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī; 642 CE - 15 October 728
  2. ^ wa ’l-Ḥasanu raḥimahu ’llāhu imāmunā fī hād̲h̲a ’l-ʿilmi ’llad̲h̲ī natakallamu bih , at̲h̲arahu naḳfū wa sabīlahū natbaʿu wa min mis̲h̲kātihi nastaḍīʾ

References

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  1. ^ Frye, Richard Nelson (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 449. ISBN 9780521200936. was born in Medina in 21/642
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mourad, Suleiman A., “al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Ritter, H., “Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online.
  4. ^ a b S. H. Nasr, The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2008), pp. 168-169
  5. ^ Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, Ḳūt al-ḳulūb, Cairo 1310, passim
  6. ^ Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ wa-ṭabaqāt al-aṣfiyāʾ (Beirut 1967–8), 2:131–61
  7. ^ Ḥud̲j̲wīrī, Kas̲h̲f al-maḥd̲j̲ūb, tr. R. A. Nicholson, GMS xvii, 86 f.
  8. ^ Ibn al-Jawzī, Adab al-shaykh al-Ḥasan b. Abī l-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, ed. Sulaymān M. al-Ḥarash, Riyadh 1993
  9. ^ al-ʿAṭṭār, Tadhkirat al-awliyāʾ, ed. Reynold A. Nicholson (London 1905–7), 1:24–34
  10. ^ Frye, R.N., ed. (1975). The Cambridge history of Iran (Repr. ed.). London: Cambridge U.P. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6. The founder of the Basra school of Sufism, which is itself the source for all later Sufi schools, is the celebrated Hasan al-Basri, who was born in Medina in 21/642, the son of a Persian slave, and who died after a long and fruitful life in Basra in 110/728.
  11. ^ Donner, F.M. (1988). "BASRA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8. pp. 851–855. Some of these cultural figures were of Iranian descent, including the early paragon of piety Ḥasan al-Baṣrī; Sebawayh, one of the founders of the study of Arabic grammar; the famed poets Baššār b. Bord and Abū Nowās; the Muʿtazilite theologian ʿAmr b. ʿObayd; the early Arabic prose stylist Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ; and probably some of the authors of the noted encyclopedia of the Eḵwān al-Ṣafāʾ.
  12. ^ Martin Lings (Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din), What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 1975), p. 104
  13. ^ See, for example, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad 1:112: "The people of Syria were mentioned in front of `Ali ibn Abi Talib while he was in Iraq, and they said: "Curse them, O Commander of the Believers." He replied: "No, I heard the Messenger of Allah say: The Substitutes (al-abdal) are in Syria and they are forty men, every time one of them dies, Allah substitutes another in his place. By means of them Allah brings down the rain, gives (Muslims) victory over their enemies, and averts punishment from the people of Syria."
  14. ^ See, for example, al-Tabarani, al-Awsat: "We do not doubt that al-Hasan is one of them." (narrated by Qatāda)
  15. ^ Historical dictionary of Sufism By John Renard, p. 87
  16. ^ Qushayri, Risala, trans. A. Knysh (Reading, Garnet Publishers: 2007), p. 397
  17. ^ S. H. Nasr, The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2008), p. 169
  18. ^ John Renard, Friend of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 46
  19. ^ a b c John Renard, Friend of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 47
  20. ^ a b c d John Renard, Friend of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 26
  21. ^ a b Ibn al-Qayyim, Rawda al-Muhibbin wa Nuzha al-Mushtaqin, p. 225
  22. ^ Ibn al-Ǧawzī, Talqīḥ fuhūm, pp. 446
  23. ^ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Maʿārif, p. 585
  24. ^ a b John Renard, Friend of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 47; see source in notes, with p. 286
  25. ^ Qushayri, Risala, trans. A. Knysh (Reading, Garnet Publishers: 2007), p. 157
  26. ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), p. 30

Further reading

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Primary

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  • Ibn al-Murtaḍā, Ṭabaḳāt al-Muʿtazila, ed. Susanna Wilzer (Bibl. Isl. 21), 18 ff.
  • Ibn Ḳutayba, ʿUyūn al-ak̲h̲bār, Cairo 1925, index
  • Ibn K̲h̲allikān, no. 155
  • S̲h̲ahrastānī, al-Milal wa ’l-nihal, ed. Cureton, 32
  • Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, Ḳūt al-ḳulūb, Cairo 1310, Passim
  • Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ, Cairo 1932-8, passim
  • Ḥud̲j̲wīrī, Kas̲h̲f al-maḥj̲ūb, tr. R. A. Nicholson, GMS xvii, 86 f.
  • Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār, Tad̲h̲kirat al-awliyāʾ, ed. Nicholson, i, 24 ff.
  • Ibn al-Jawzī, Ādāb Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Cairo 1931
  • Ak̲h̲bār Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, ms. Ẓāhiriyya, Damascus, cf. Fihris (Taʾrīk̲h̲), 306 (not seen)
  • Jāḥiẓ, al-Bayān wa ’l-tabyīn, Cairo 1949, index
  • Jamharat rasāʾil al-ʿArab, ed. Aḥmad Zakī Ṣafwat, Cairo 1937, i, 378-89.

Secondary

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  • L. Massignon, Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, Paris 1922, 152-75
  • H. H. Schaeder, "Ḥasan al-Baṣrī," in Isl., xiv (1925), 42 ff.
  • H. Ritter, "Studien zur Geschichte der islamischen Frŏmmigkeit, i, Hasan el-Basri," in Isl., xxi (1933), 1-83
  • J. Obermann, Political theory in early Islam, Publications of the American Oriental Society, Offprint series no. 6, 1935
  • J. Renard, Friends of God: Islamic images of piety, commitment, and servanthood, Berkeley 2008, index
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