Hartigiola annulipes
| Hartigiola annulipes | |
|---|---|
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| Galls caused by Hartigiola annulipes on Fagus sylvatica | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Genus: | Hartigiola |
| Species: | H. annulipes
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| Binomial name | |
| Hartigiola annulipes | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hartigiola annulipes is a species of midge fly in the family Cecidomyiidae, found in the Palearctic. The fly was first described by Theodor Hartig in 1839. The larvae gall the leaves of beech (Fagus species).
Description
[edit]In the spring, the gall starts as a tiny, flattened dome which can be seen on both surfaces of the leaf. At first the gall is yellowish-green and later changes to reddish-brown. The upper part gradually lengthens into a columnar shape, and in August and September is up to 6 mm high. The gall contain a single white larva, can be smooth or hairy and some develop a point. The gall falls to the floor when the larva is mature, leaving a circular hole in the leaf. Pupation takes place in the fallen gall and the adult midge emerges in the spring to lay eggs on the new leaves.[3][4] The fly can be found in May and June.[5]
Galls have been recorded on Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica).[2]
Distribution
[edit]Hartigiola annulipes is common and found in Europe from Ireland, France and Spain in the west, to Ukraine and Russia in the east.[1]
Parasite
[edit]Apiognomonia errabunda may cause the death of larvae when there is a large infestation.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Hartigiola annulipes (Hartig, 1839)". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ a b Ellis, W N. "Hartigiola annulipes (Hartig, 1839)". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ Chinery, Michael (2011). Britain's Plant Galls. Old Basing, Hampshire: WILDGuides Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 978-190365743-0.
- ^ Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter; Boxham, Michael (2011). British Plant Galls (Second ed.). Shrewsbury: Field Study Council. pp. 111–2. ISBN 978-185153-284-1.
- ^ Zúbrik, Milan; Kunca, Andrej; Csóka, György (2013). Insect and Diseases damaging trees and shrubs of Europe. NAP Editions. p. 112. ISBN 978-2-913688-18-6.
- Bei-Bienko, G.Y. & Steyskal, G.C. (1988) Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Volume V: Diptera and Siphonaptera, Parts I, II. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi. ISBN 81-205-0080-6 ISBN 81-205-0081-4