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Harrogate War Memorial

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Coordinates: 53°59′34″N 01°32′31″W / 53.99278°N 1.54194°W / 53.99278; -1.54194
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Harrogate War Memorial
Harrogate Cenotaph
Map
53°59′34″N 01°32′31″W / 53.99278°N 1.54194°W / 53.99278; -1.54194
LocationProspect Square, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England
DesignerErnest Prestwich
TypeObelisk
MaterialPortland stone and bronze
Height75 feet (23 m)
Completion date1923
Opening date1 September 1923
Dedicated toThe fallen of the First and Second World Wars
Websiteww1-yorkshires.org

Harrogate War Memorial, also known colloquially as Harrogate Cenotaph, in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, was designed by Ernest Prestwich and unveiled by Henry Lascelles, 5th Earl of Harewood in 1923, in the presence of 10,000 people. It was said to be one of the last of England's outdoor war memorials to be unveiled, following the First World War.

The monument is formed of an obelisk and plinth in Portland stone, and is 23 metres (75 feet) tall. It carries two large bronze plaques, containing 1,163 names of Harrogate casualties of the First and Second World Wars, including several women. It is decorated in bas relief by sculptor Gilbert Ledward, with two murals titled 1914, the Call to Arms, and 1918, Britannia with the Flag of Victory. In preparation for the monument's 2023 centenary, the details of all 1,163 war casualties were researched by two members of Harrogate Civic Society. It was found that over 300 of the dead had unknown graves, and that the youngest to die in action was aged 15 years.

History

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This is a war memorial, not a cenotaph, because according to historian Terry-Mike Williams the "definition of cenotaph is an empty tomb", and this monument is not associated with any kind of tomb. It is a "statement of memory",[1] which is now a Grade II* listed building.[2]

Harrogate war memorial, which stands in Prospect Square, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, was designed by Ernest Prestwich in 1922, with sculpture by Gilbert Ledward,[3][4][2] When Prestwich won the design competition for the monument on 16 January 1922, Alderman J. Houfe said of the council's decision: "there could be no question that the design stood out amongst the 80 sent in. The simplicity of the design added to the value". The original cost estimate was £5,000 (equivalent to £360,209.07 in 2023),[5] and the council struggled to raise the funds. Councillor Sir Henry Fleming donated 100 guineas (equivalent to £7,564.39 in 2023) towards the build.[6] It was ultimately completed at a cost of £12,000 (equivalent to £864,501.78 in 2023).[7][8] Prestwich's winning design called for Darley Dale white stone, although the memorial was built in Purbeck stone.[5]

By the time the ground was broken for the build, the estimated cost had risen to £10,000 (equivalent to £720,418.15 in 2023).[7][9] The Minister for Education and MP for Ripon, Major Edward Wood, laid the foundation stone on 2 June 1922,[10] in front of the mayor and corporation and a large crowd.[9][11][12] In his speech, Wood said that "the men staked everything for the high price of honour and the country's liberty, and in so doing left behind an abiding inspiration of the power of steadfast loyalty and self-sacrificing service".[13] It took a long time to build this monument, it being "of so elaborate a nature".[14] By early May 1923, the build was nearing completion, with an expectation that its grounds would be laid out by the summer.[15][16] However, following the First World War, it was "one of the last to reach completion",[17] and its opening ceremony attracted "one of the largest gatherings ever seen in Harrogate".[18]

Unveiling ceremony

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Unveiling ceremony, 1 September 1923

The unveiling ceremony of the monument occurred on 1 September 1923,[10] in weather described by The Leeds Mercury as "weeping skies with spells of bright sunshine", with "rumbles of distant thunder".[19] The ceremony began with a procession which included the mayor (David Simpson) and corporation, and contingents of the military: the Royal Air Force, the Yorkshire Hussars, the band of the 5th Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment (York) with its regimental colours, and "naval officers and men from HMS Adamant and the 2nd Submarine Flotilla".[8] At the corners of the monument's pedestal were stationed "four non-commissioned officers of the Navy, Yorkshire Hussars, Infantry, and Royal Air Force".[20] Massed choirs, accompanied by the Municipal Orchestra, sang the hymn, "The Supreme Sacrifice".[19]

Although the first choice was at one point the Prince of Wales,[17][21] in the event the monument was unveiled by Henry Lascelles, 5th Earl of Harewood, and dedicated by the Bishop of Ripon.[10] This took place in the presence of Lascelles' daughter-in-law, Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood,[22] his son Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood, and 10,000 people.[8][23] In his speech, Lascelles said that about a quarter of those who enlisted in Harrogate were killed, including four women.[18] Wreaths were laid, and the military marched past, saluting the monument.[24] The Leeds Mercury reported that, "as the buglers sounded the 'Last Post', the rain fell heavily". It rained during the one-minute's silence, then the "Reveille" was sounded. At the end of the ceremony, the public filed past, to look at the new bronze plaques, and the large number of wreaths and flowers which had been laid.[19]

Description

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In 1923, The Westminster Gazette described the war memorial as "one of the finest in the country and worthy of the town".[25] The structure is of Portland stone, and its lists of the fallen of the First and Second World Wars are inscribed on bronze plaques on the west and east sides. It is designed as a large obelisk on a low platform, surrounded closely by bollards, which originally formed a wide circle around the monument. It is ornamented with shallow relief carvings, in the modernist style. At the tops of all four sides of the obelisk a laurel wreath is carved. At the bases of the north and south sides are Harrogate's coat of arms, and on the east and west sides are Swords of sacrifice.[2]

The obelisk stands on a plinth, which carries the Roll of Honour on the east and west sides. On the north side of the plinth is carved 1914, the Call to Arms,[18] featuring a bareheaded soldier with field gun, flag and bugle, above a trench. Bayonets point out of the trench, as his compatriots prepare to go over the top.[2] On the south side of the plinth is carved 1918, Britannia with the Flag of Victory,[18] holding the Sword of Sacrifice and wearing the Union Flag as a cloak. First World War soldiers of both sides, both sad and victorious, deploy bayonets and rifles or die at her feet, while above their heads is the Dove of Peace.[2] The monument is 23 metres (75 feet) tall.[18][26]

  • 1914, the Call to Arms
    1914, the Call to Arms
  • 1918, Britannia with the Flag of Victory
    1918, Britannia with the Flag of Victory
  • Rod of Asclepius
    Rod of Asclepius
  • Dove of Peace
    Dove of Peace
  • Britannia
    Britannia

Roll of Honour

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Walter Frederick Ogden, listed on the Roll of Honour

The two bronze plaques with the Roll of Honour for the First World War were replaced with two plaques listing the Fallen for both the First and Second World Wars in 1948.[27] The Second World War list includes some Auxiliary Territorial Service workers. The lists of the fallen of both wars include some women, such as a munitions worker, a Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps volunteer, a YMCA volunteer, a Women's Land Army volunteer, and a nurse. The monument also holds a plaque dedicated to those Harrogate people who won the Victoria Cross, and to those who died in service after the Second World War.[2] The youngest of the named servicemen was aged 15 years when he died.[28] More than three hundred of those who died in service in the First World War have no known graves.[29][30]

According to Harrogate Civic Society, the total number of those named on the plaques, who died in both wars, is 1,163.[29] Nine of those served in the Yorkshire Regiment. Around the foot of the monument are separate plaques, dedicated to individuals from Harrogate who died in war. These include Donald Simpson Bell, V.C.,[31] and Charles Hull, V.C.[32][33][34]

Legacy

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The unveiling ceremony was filmed, and in 1923 the film was said to have been put away for future use. The Leeds Mercury published the following:[35]

Harrogate: film for posterity. The Mayor of Harrogate, Mr D. Simpson, has secured the 500 feet (152.40 metres) film of the opening of the Harrogate War Memorial, and it is to be housed at the Free Library for the use of future generations. This is the first local film to be handed to the town for the benefit of posterity.[35]

Centenary

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In 2023, Harrogate celebrated the centenary of its war memorial. The commemoration began at 11 a.m. on 1 September, when the "Last Post" was sounded at the memorial site, before a short service was led by a former Yorkshire Regiment chaplain, Padre Ben Norton.[28] Following the service at the monument, there followed a commemoration and blessing service at West Park United Reformed Church.[36] The centenary celebration was launched by Second World War veteran Sheila Pantin, then aged 99, "one of the first British servicewomen to enter a concentration camp in April 1945".[30][36]

Between September and November of that year, Harrogate Civic Society showed two films, gave fourteen illustrated talks and tours, mounted a More than a Name on a Memorial exhibition, and shared their research on all 1,163 First and Second World War names inscribed on the monument.[29][37] Graham Roberts and Terry-Mike Williams took five years between them to research the 1,163 names on the memorial plaques, and they caught the attention of ITN News.[36] For the centenary, Harrogate Film Society showed early 20th-century films of Yorkshire, from the Yorkshire Film Archives, at the Harrogate Odeon.[38]

References

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  1. ^ Grainger, John (9 November 2024). "Does Harrogate have a cenotaph?". The Stray Ferret. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Historic England. "Harrogate War Memorial (1446943)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  3. ^ Darlington, Neil (2024). "Ernest Prestwich". manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk. Architects of Greater Manchester 1800-1940. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Prestwich, Ernest 1889 - 1977". architecture.arthistoryresearch.net. AHRnet. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Harrogate War Memorial". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 17 January 1922. p. 3 col.8. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ^ "Yorkshire news in brief". Leeds Mercury. 22 April 1922. p. 4 col.2. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  7. ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  8. ^ a b c "Princess Mary attends ceremony". Dundee Evening Telegraph. 3 September 1923. p. 6 col.5. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  9. ^ a b "Harrogate War Memorial". Yorkshire Evening Post. 2 June 1922. p. 8 col.5. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  10. ^ a b c Neesam, Malcolm (2022). Wells and Swells: The Golden Age of Harrogate Spa, 1842–1923. Carnegie Publishing Ltd. pp. 1193–1195. ISBN 978-1859362389.
  11. ^ "Harrogate's war memorial". Leeds Mercury. 29 August 1923. p. 4 col.1. Retrieved 4 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  12. ^ "The Hon. Edward Wood". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 20 May 1922. p. 10 col.6. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  13. ^ "High price of honour". Westminster Gazette. 3 June 1922. p. 11 col.6. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  14. ^ "Harrogate". Westminster Gazette. 12 May 1922. p. 11 col.1. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  15. ^ "The work of the lay-out". Leeds Mercury. 5 May 1923. p. 3 col.4. Retrieved 4 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  16. ^ "Harrogate War Memorial". North Star (Darlington). 4 May 1923. p. 3 col.4. Retrieved 4 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  17. ^ a b "Harrogate memorial". Daily Mirror. 29 January 1923. p. 9 col.1. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Princess Mary at the War Memorial unveiling". Sheffield Daily Telegraph. 3 September 1923. p. 3 col.2. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  19. ^ a b c "Harrogate War Memorial unveiled by Lord Harewood. Princess Mary present". Leeds Mercury. 3 September 1923. p. 7 col.3. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  20. ^ "Harrogate's memorial: Princess Mary present at unveiling ceremony". Yorkshire Evening Post. 1 September 1923. p. 8 col.1. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  21. ^ "Harrogate". Westminster Gazette. 2 February 1923. p. 9 col.1. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  22. ^ "Unveiled by Princess Mary's father-in-law". Illustrated London News. 8 September 1923. p. 21. Retrieved 2 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  23. ^ "£12,000 war memorial". Westminster Gazette. 3 September 1923. p. 5 col.5. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  24. ^ "Harrogate War Memorial unveiled by Lord Harewood". Belfast News-Letter. 3 September 1923. p. 5 col.4. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  25. ^ "Harrogate". Westminster Gazette. 31 August 1923. p. 8 col.7. Retrieved 4 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  26. ^ "Statues - Hither & Thither. Harrogate war memorial 1914-1918". statues.vanderkrogt.net. Bronzefiguren. 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Bronze plaques". Yorkshire Evening Post. 4 November 1948. p. 5 col.1. Retrieved 1 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  28. ^ a b Plummer, John (1 September 2023). "Last Post marks 100th anniversary of Harrogate war memorial". The Stray Ferret. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  29. ^ a b c "War memorial centenary". harrogatecivicsociety.org. Harrogate Civic Society. July 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  30. ^ a b Barton, Andrew (1 September 2023). "Harrogate WW2 veteran launches war memorial's centenary celebrations". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  31. ^ "Donald Simpson Bell". cwgc.org. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  32. ^ "Harrogate". ww1-yorkshires.org.uk. North Yorkshire War Memorials. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  33. ^ "Harrogate obelisk". warmemorialsonline.org.uk. War Memorials Online. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  34. ^ "Memorial, Harrogate". iwm.org.uk. Imperial War Museum (IWM). 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  35. ^ a b "Harrogate: film for posterity". Leeds Mercury. 3 November 1923. p. 3 col.2. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  36. ^ a b c Chalmers, Graham (5 September 2023). "Millions of TV viewers watch Harrogate's incredible efforts to trace stories of all 1,163 names on town's 'cenotaph'". Harrogate Advertiser. National World Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Harrogate Cenotaph Memorial". royalyorkshireregiment.com. The Royal Yorkshire Regiment. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Filmed but not forgotten". visitharrogate.co.uk. Visit Harrogate. 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.


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