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Haplogroup O-M119

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Haplogroup O-M119
Possible time of origin33,181 [95% CI 24,461 <-> 36,879] years ago (Karmin 2022[1])

34,100 or 29,200 years ago (Poznik 2016[2])

31,590 ybp[3]

30,000 [95% CI 27,900 <-> 32,200] years before present (YFull 2018[4])
Coalescence age19,680 ybp[5]

17,500 [95% CI 19,400 <-> 15,500] years before present (YFull 2018[4])
Possible place of originpre-han Southern China
Ancestorhaplogroup O-F265
Defining mutationsM119
Highest frequenciesSouthern China, Taiwan, Malay Archipelago, Pacific islands, Madagascar

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.[6]

Origins

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The Haplogroup O-M119 branch is believed to have evolved during the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic) in China mainland.[citation needed]

Paleolithic migrations

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Karafet et al. (2010) suggest haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3.

The Liangdao man, an 8,000 year old skeleton found on Liang Island in the Republic of China off the coast of Fujian, is believed to belong to Haplogroup O-M119, specifically under branch O-CTS5726.[7][8]

Taiwan homeland

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Li et al. (2008) concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other.

The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai–Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai–Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai–Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai–Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai–Kadai peoples invaded.

Distribution

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Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in Southeast Asian populations of Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, southern China and Taiwan (ISOGG 2010). High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia.

A 2008 study by Li suggested that the admixture analyses of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119.[9]

The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern Han populations of southern China.[citation needed] Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%.[10] The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples.[11][12]

Subclade distribution

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O-M119

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This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples.[13] This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania (Karafet 2005).

Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes), Ulchi/Nanai (2/53), Yenisey Evenks (1/31), and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) (Lell 2002).

O-P203

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O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of She, 1.7% (1/60) of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from Sumba.[14]

In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China.[15]

O-M101

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This lineage was observed in one individual from China (Underhill 2000) and another from Kota Kinabalu (Hurles 2005).

According to the website of Chinese genetic testing company 23mofang, O-M101 is a subclade of O-M307/P203 (O-M307 > O-F446 > O-F5498 > O-Z23406 > O-M101). Its TMRCA is estimated to be 4,850 years before present, and it is estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.21% of all males in present-day China, with its distribution being relatively dense in Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, and Jiangxi.[16] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-SK1573 subclade (TMRCA 3,400 ybp) has been estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China, being relatively concentrated in South Central China and Southwest China at present.[17] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-Y163909 subclade (TMRCA 4,080 ybp) has been observed in 16.7% (3/18) of a sample of Phuan males from Central Thailand.[18][19]

O-M50

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This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros.[20] It also has been found in a Hawaiian.[21]

A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in Vanuatu.[22]

Kayser et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji.[23]

A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali.[24]

A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the Solomon Islands.[25]

Phylogenetics

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Phylogenetic history

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Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
O-M175 26 VII 1U 28 Eu16 H9 I O* O O O O O O O O O O
O-M119 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1* O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a
O-M101 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1a O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1 O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a
O-M50 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H10 H O1b O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2
O-P31 26 VII 1U 33 Eu16 H5 I O2* O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2
O-M95 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H11 G O2a* O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a1 O2a1
O-M88 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H12 G O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1a O2a1a
O-SRY465 20 VII 1U 35 Eu16 H5 I O2b* O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b
O-47z 5 VII 1U 26 Eu16 H5 I O2b1 O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1a O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1
O-M122 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3* O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3
O-M121 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3a O3a O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1a O3a1a
O-M164 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3b O3b O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a1b O3a1b
O-M159 13 VII 1U 31 Eu16 H6 L O3c O3c O3a3a O3a3a O3a3 O3a3 O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a
O-M7 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d* O3c O3a3b O3a3b O3a4 O3a4 O3a3b O3a3b O3a3b O3a2b O3a2b
O-M113 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d1 O3c1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 - O3a4a O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a2b1 O3a2b1
O-M134 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e* O3d O3a3c O3a3c O3a5 O3a5 O3a3c O3a3c O3a3c O3a2c1 O3a2c1
O-M117 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1* O3d1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a5a O3a5a O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a2c1a O3a2c1a
O-M162 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1a O3d1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a5a1 O3a5a1 O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a2c1a1 O3a2c1a1

Research publications

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The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

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This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

See also

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Genetics

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Y-DNA O subclades

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Proportion of O-M119 in various samples

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Population Percentage Count Source SNPs
Nias 100.0% 60 Karafet 2010 P203=52
M110=8
Nias 99.8% 407 van Oven 2011 M119
Taiwanese aborigines 89.6% 48 Karafet 2010 P203=34
M110=9
Mentawai 86.5% 74 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=42
P203=21
M110=1
Aboriginal Taiwanese 83.4% 223 Tajima 2004 M119
Taiwan (aborigines) 78.0% 41 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=18
M110=14
Taiwan (aborigines) 71.8% 39 Hurles 2005 M119(xM50, M101)=15
M50=13
Taiwan (aborigines) 68.9% 74 Underhill 2000 M119(xM101)
Atayal 62.5% 24 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=13
M50/M110/M103=2
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) 61.1% 72 Li 2013 M119=44
Gelao 60.0% 30 [citation needed] M119(xM110)=18
Gelong (Hainan) 57.7% 78 [citation needed] M119(xM110)=45
Tagalog
(Philippine subgroup)		 46.0% 50 Tajima 2004 M119
Kota Kinabalu 42.1% 19 [citation needed] M119(xM50, M110, M103)=6
M50/M110/M103=2
Philippines 41.0% 39 Kayser 2006
Kayser 2008		 M119(xM110)=11
M110=5
Mulam (Luocheng) 40.5% 42 [citation needed] P203=13
M110=4
Hlai (Jiamao) 40.0% 50 Li et al. 2008 M119=20
Philippines 35.7% 28 Hurles 2005 M119(xM50, M101)=9
M50=1
Dong 35% 20 Xie 2004 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=5
M110/M50/M103=2
Hlai (Zwn) 32.0% 75 Li et al. 2008 M119=24
Sui 31.5% 92 [citation needed] M119(xM110)=29
Malaysian 30.8% 13 Su 1999 M110=3
M119(xM110)=1
Dong 30% 10 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=2
M50/M110/M103=1
Kota Kinabalu 29.2% 65 Hurles 2005 M119(xM50, M101)=12
M50=6
M101=1
Hlai (Moifau) 28.8% 66 Li et al. 2008 M119=19
Trobriand Islands 28.3% 53 Kayser 2006 M119=15
Hlai 27.3% 11 [citation needed] M119(xM110)=3
Trobriand Islands 26.9% 52 Kayser 2008 M110=9
M119(xM110)=5
Li (Hlai) 26.5% 34 Xue 2006 M119
Malay (near Kuala Lumpur) 25.0% 12 Tajima 2004 M119
Han (East China) 24.0% 167 Yan 2011 M119
Han Chinese (Taiwan) 23.1% 26 Kayser 2006 M119=6
Hlai (Ha) 23.0% 74 Li et al. 2008 M119=17
Banjarmasin 22.7% 22 Hurles 2005 M119(xM50, M101)=3
M50=2
Java 22.6% 53 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=10
M110=2
Nusa Tenggara 22.6% 31 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=4
M110=3
Batak (Sumatra) 22.2% 18 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=4
China 22.2% 36 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=8
Balinese 21.1% 641 Karafet 2010 P203=73
M119(xP203, M110)=57
M110=5
Mandar (Sulawesi) 20.4% 54 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=7
M110=4
Tujia 20% - Su 1999 -
Han (Meixian) 20.0% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Buka 20.0% 10 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)		 19.2% 52 Poznik 2016 K644/Z23266=7
F656=2
Z23442=1
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		 19.0% 63 [citation needed] M119=12
Malay 18.5% 27 [citation needed] M50/M110/M103=4
M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
Thin Board Mien 18.2% 11 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Majuro (Marshall Islands) 18.2% 11 Hurles 2005 M50=2
Balinese 18.1% 551 Karafet 2005 M119=100
Sui 18.0% 50 Xie 2004 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=9
Zhuang (Guangxi) 17.9% 28 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=5
Admiralty Islands 17.7% 147 Kayser 2008 M110=26
Malaysia 17.6% 17 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=3
Sumatra 17.5% 57 Kayser 2006
Kayser 2008		 M119(xM110)=10
Malagasy 17.1% 35 Hurles 2005 M50
Han (South China) 16.9% 65 Yan 2011 M119
Qiang 15.2% 33 Xue 2006 M119
Borneo 15.0% 40 Kayser 2008 M119(xM110)=5
M110=1
Han Chinese 15% - Tajima 2004 -
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) 15.0% 20 Yang 2005 M119=3
Java 14.8% 61 Karafet 2010 P203=6
M119(xP203, M110)=2
M110=1
She 14.7% 34 Xue 2006 M119
Han (Chengdu) 14.7% 34 Xue 2006 M119
Manus 14.3% 7 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Palyu 13.3% 30 Cai 2011 M119
Batak Toba 13.2% 38 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=4
P203=1
Sumba 12.6% 350 Karafet 2010 M110=22
M119(xP203, M110)=19
P203=3
Micronesia 12.5% 16 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=2
Guizhou Miao 12.2% 49 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Lowland Kimmun 12.2% 41 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Thai (Northern Thailand) 11.8% 17 He 2012 P203(xM101)
Tai Yong
(Northern Thailand)		 11.5% 26 Brunelli 2017 P203=2
M50=1
Bunu 11.1% 36 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Malaysia 11.1% 18 Kayser 2006 M119=2
Filipinos 10.4% 48 Karafet 2010 M110=4
P203=1
Zhuang 10% - Hammer 2006 -
Mountain Straggler Mien 10.0% 20 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Northeast Thai 10.0% 20 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Vietnam 10% 10 Kayser 2006 M119=1
Tai Lue
(Northern Thailand)		 9.9% 91 Brunelli 2017 P203=6
M50=3
Han (China & Taiwan) 9.7% 165 Karafet 2010 P203=15
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Flores 9.6% 394 Karafet 2010 P203=36
M119(xP203, M110)=2
Zhuang (Guangxi) 9.6% 166 Chen 2006 -
Han (Taiwan) 9.5% 21 Tajima 2004 M119
Han (Yili) 9.4% 32 Xue 2006 M119
Borneo (Indonesia) 9.3% 86 Karafet 2010 M110=5
P203=2
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Bougainville 9.2% 65 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Top Board Mien 9.1% 11 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Northern Mien 9.1% 33 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Northern She 8.9% 56 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Thai
(Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen)		 8.8% 34 Tajima 2004 M119
Hui 8.6% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan) 8.5% 47 Wen 2004 M119(xM110)
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) 8.3% 48 Yang 2005 M119=4
Tonga 8.3% 12 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=1
Tujia (Jishou, Hunan) 8.2% 49 Karafet 2010 P203=4
Hlai (Gei) 8.1% 62 Li et al. 2008 M119=5
Hlai/Cun 8% - Li et al. 2008 -
Cambodian 7.7% 26 Su 1999 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1
M50/M110/M103=1
Ewenki (China) 7.7% 26 Xue 2006 M119
Xibe 7.3% 41 Xue 2006 M119
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 7.1% 28 Yang 2005 M119=2
Hunan Miao 7.0% 100 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Tujia 7% - Xie 2004 -
Miao (China) 6.9% 58 Karafet 2010 P203=4
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 6.7% 30 Yang 2005 M119=2
Katu 6.7% 45 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Moluccas 6.7% 30 Karafet 2010 P203=1
M110=1
Han (Lanzhou) 6.7% 30 Xue 2006 M119
Kinh 6.7% 15 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) 6.6% 76 He 2012 P203(xM101)
Southern Mien 6.5% 31 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) 6.4% 47 Yang 2005 M119=3
Malaysia 6.3% 32 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=1
P203=1
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) 6.1% 49 Yang 2005 M119=3
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 6.1% 49 Yang 2005 M119=3
Yunnan Miao 6.1% 49 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Northern Han 6.1% 49 Tajima 2004 M119
Comorians 6.0% 381 Msaidie 2010 M50=22
MSY2.2(xM50)=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 6.0% 50 Wen 2004 M119(xM110)
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) 6.0% 50 Yang 2005 M119=3
Moluccas 5.9% 34 Kayser 2006
Kayser 2008		 M119(xM110)=1
M110=1
Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) 5.8% 52 Wells 2001 M119
Vietnam 5.7% 70 Karafet 2010 P203=4
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 5.7% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Fiji 5.6% 107 Kayser 2006 M119=6
Mon
(Northern Thailand)		 5.6% 18 Brunelli 2017 P203=1
Samoa 5.6% 18 Karafet 2010 P203=1
Thailand 5.3% 75 Trejaut 2014 P203=2
M119(xP203, M50)=2
Daur 5.1% 39 Xue 2006 M119
Cham
(Binh Thuan, Vietnam)		 5.1% 59 He 2012 M119(xM50)
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) 5.0% 40 Wells 2001 M119
Shan
(Northern Thailand)		 5.0% 20 Brunelli 2017 P203=1
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) 4.9% 41 Yang 2005 M119=2
Han (NE China) 4.8% 42 Katoh 2005 M119
Maewo (Vanuatu) 4.5% 44 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=1
M110=1
Bouyei 4.4% 45 Xie 2004 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=2
Jino
(Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)		 4.4% 45 Yang 2005 M119=2
Korean 4.4% 45 Wells 2001 M119
KHV
(Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City)		 4.3% 46 Poznik 2016 Z23392(xZ23442)=1
Z23442=1
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 Yang 2005 M119=2
Western Mien 4.3% 47 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 Wen 2004 M119(xM110)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 Yang 2005 M119=2
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) 4.2% 48 Yang 2005 M119=2
Mongolian 4.2% 24 Wells 2001 M119
Tai Khün
(Northern Thailand)		 4.2% 24 Brunelli 2017 P203=1
Korea 4.0% 25 Kayser 2006 M119=1
Western Samoa 4.0% 25 Hurles 2005 M119(xM101, M50)=1
Khon Mueang
(Northern Thailand)		 3.9% 205 Brunelli 2017 P203=6
M50=2
Manchu 3.8% 52 Hammer 2006 M119
Koreans (Daejeon) 3.8% 133 Park 2012 P203=3
M119(xP203, M110)=2
New Ireland 3.7% 109 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Bo 3.6% 28 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Tai Yuan
(Thailand)		 3.5% 85 Brunelli 2017 P203=3
Japanese 3.4% 263 Nonaka 2007 M119(xM101, M50)
Lembata 3.3% 92 Karafet 2010 M119(xP203, M110)=2
P203=1
Korean 3.2% 216 Kim 2007 M119
Samoa 3.2% 62 Kayser 2006
Kayser 2008		 M119(xM110)=2
Han (North China) 3.1% 129 Yan 2011 M119(xM110)
Papua New Guinea
(Highlands)		 3.0% 33 Karafet 2010 P203=1
Manchu (NE China) 3.0% 101 Katoh 2005 M119
Koreans (Seoul) 3.0% 573 Park 2012 P203=16
M119(xP203, M110)=1
Dai
(Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)		 2.9% 35 Yang 2005 M119=1
Manchu 2.9% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Han (Harbin) 2.9% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Buyi 2.9% 35 Xue 2006 M119
Yao (Bama, Guangxi) 2.9% 35 Xue 2006 M119
West New Britain 2.8% 249 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Koreans 2.7% 300 Park 2012 M119
Koreans 2.7% 75 Hammer 2006 M119
Japanese (Kantō) 2.6% 117 Katoh 2005 M119
Koreans (Seoul) 2.4% 85 Katoh 2005 M119
Lavongai 2.3% 43 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Koreans (South Korea) 2.2% 506 Kim 2011 M119
Laven 2.0% 50 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 2.0% 50 Wen 2004 M119(xM110)
Hmong Daw (Laos) 2.0% 51 Cai 2011 M119(xM110)
She 2.0% 51 Karafet 2010 P203=1
Japanese (Kyushu) 1.9% 104 Tajima 2004 M119
Vanuatu 1.9% 52 Hurles 2005 M50=1
Yao (Guangxi) 1.7% 60 Karafet 2010 P203=1
Uygur 1.4% 70 Xue 2006 M119
East New Britain 1.4% 145 Scheinfeldt 2006 M119
Japanese 1.2% 2390 Sato 2014 M119
Tuvalu 1.0% 100 Kayser 2008 M110=1
Mongolia
(mostly Khalkh)		 0.7% 149 Hammer 2006 M119
Mongols (Mongolia) 0.6% 160 Di Cristofaro 2013 M119
Lawa
(Northern Thailand)		 0.0% 50 Brunelli 2017 M119=0

Y-DNA backbone tree

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, et al. (2022), "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Mol. Biol. Evol. 39(3): msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
  2. ^ Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
  3. ^ Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1-F75 at 23mofang
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw YFull Haplogroup YTree v6.03.19 at 24 July 2018
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1a-M119 at 23mofang
  6. ^ https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpO.html: "MSY2.2 was removed from tree because not providing reliable results."
  7. ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/12/13/2003606642%7Carchiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811140358/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/12/13/2003606642M
  8. ^ "Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover".
  9. ^ (Li et al. 2008)
  10. ^ Yan, Shi (September 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
  11. ^ HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". Science. 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816.
  12. ^ HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". Science. 326 (5959). Science Magazine: 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
  13. ^ "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Karafet et al. Archived from the original on 2014-06-08. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  14. ^ Karafet, Tatiana (2010). "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (8): 1833–1844. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.
  15. ^ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64; published online 20 April 2011.
  16. ^ "O-M101单倍群详情".
  17. ^ "O-Sk1573单倍群详情".
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2019), "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." Mol. Biol. Evol. Advance Access publication April 12, 2019. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083
  19. ^ Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O-M119 at TheYtree
  20. ^ Msaidie, Said; Ducourneau, Axel; Boetsch, Gilles; Longepied, Guy; Papa, Kassim; Allibert, Claude; Yahaya, Ali Ahmed; Chiaroni, Jacques; Mitchell, Michael J (January 2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146.
  21. ^ Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
  22. ^ a b Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
  23. ^ Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven, Stefano Mona, Silke Brauer, Ronald J. Trent, Dagwin Suarkia, Wulf Schiefenhövel, and Mark Stoneking (2008), "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia." Mol. Biol. Evol. 25(7):1362–1374. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078
  24. ^ Karafet et al. 2010.
  25. ^ Frederick Delfin, Sean Myles, Ying Choi, David Hughes, Robert Illek, Mannis van Oven, Brigitte Pakendorf, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Bridging Near and Remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY Variation in the Solomon Islands." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(2):545–564. 2012 doi:10.1093/molbev/msr186.
  26. ^ a b c Brunelli, Andrea; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Seielstad, Mark; Lomthaisong, Khemika; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Ghirotto, Silvia; Kutanan, Wibhu (24 July 2017). "Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0181935. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1281935B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. PMC 5524406. PMID 28742125.
  27. ^ Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
  28. ^ a b c d e f O Y-Haplogroup Project at Family Tree DNA
  29. ^ a b c d e Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
  30. ^ a b c d e Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research (2015) 25: 459-466. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114
  31. ^ Underhill, PA; Shen, P; Lin, AA; Jin, L; Passarino, G; Yang, WH; Kauffman, E; Bonné-Tamir, B; Bertranpetit, J (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
  32. ^ Y-DNA Haplotree at FamilyTreeDNA
  33. ^ "Welcome to FamilyTreeDNA Discover".

Works cited

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Websites

Sources for conversion tables

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