Haloferax volcanii
| Haloferax volcanii | |
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| A lab-grown culture of Haloferax volcanii imaged under an agarose pad using phase contrast microscopy. | |
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| Species: | H. volcanii
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| Haloferax volcanii (Mullakhanbhai and Larsen, 1975) Torreblanca et al., 1986
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Haloferax volcanii is a species of organism in the genus Haloferax in the Archaea.
Description and significance
[edit]H. volcanii is a halophilic mesophile archaeon that can be isolated from hypersaline environments such as: the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, and oceanic environments with high sodium chloride concentrates. Haloferax volcanii is noteworthy because it can be cultured without much difficulty, rare for an extremophile. H. volcanii is chemoorganotrophic, metabolizing sugars as a carbon source.[2] It is primarily aerobic, but is capable of anaerobic respiration under anoxic conditions.[3] Recently an isolate of this species was studied by researchers at University of California, Berkeley, as part of a project on the survival of haloarchaea on Mars.
Genome structure
[edit]The genome of H. volcanii consists of a large (4 Mb), multicopy chromosome and several megaplasmids. The complete genome of the wild-type strain of H. volcanii (DS2) consists of about 4130 genes.[4]
The genome has been completely sequenced and a paper discussing it was published in 2010.[5] The molecular biology of H. volcanii has been extensively studied for the last decade in order to discover more about DNA replication, DNA repair and RNA synthesis. The archaeal proteins used in these processes are extremely similar to Eukaryotic proteins and so are studied primarily as a model system for these organisms. H. volcanii undergoes prolific horizontal gene transfer through a mechanism of "mating"- cell fusion.
Cell structure and metabolism
[edit]Reproduction among H. volcanii occurs asexually by binary fission. This practice is similar to that of other Archaea and, indeed, that of bacteria.
Like many archaea, H. volcanii cells have no cell wall and therefore are dependent on other mechanisms, such as their S-layer and cytoskeletal proteins, for structure.[6] An individual H. volcanii archaeon can vary from 1-3 micrometers in diameter.[7] They are pleomorphic, generally transitioning from motile, elongated rod shapes to stationary, biofilm-generating disk shapes as the culture ages.[8] Additionally, biofilms generated by H. volcanii are capable of rapidly producing honeycomb patterns when exposed to changes in humidity.[9] The membranes of this organism are made of the typical ether linked membrane lipids found solely in archaea and also contain a high level of carotenoids including lycopene, which gives them their distinctive red color.
H. volcanii use a salt in method to maintain osmostasis, rather than the typical compatible solutes method seen in bacteria. This method involves the maintenance of a high degree of potassium ions in the cell to balance the sodium ions outside. For this reason, H. volcanii has a complex ion regulation system.
H. volcanii will optimally grow between 42 & 45 °C in 1.5–2.5 M NaCl and complex nutrient medium. It will still grow at 37 °C, but still requires the concentrated NaCl and complex medium.[4]
Due to the salt in method cytoplasmic proteins are structured to fold in the presence of high ionic concentrations. As such, they typically have a large number of charged residues on the exterior section of the protein and very hydrophobic residues forming a core. This structure considerably increases their stability in saline and even high temperature environments but comes at some loss of processivity compared to bacterial homologs.
H. volcanii respire as their sole source of ATP, unlike several other halobateriacae, such as Halobacterium salinarum they are incapable of photophosphorylation as they lack the necessary bacteriorhodopsin.
Ecology
[edit]Isolates of H. volcanii are commonly found in high-salinity aquatic environments, such as the Dead Sea. Their precise role in the ecosystem is uncertain, but the carbohydrates contained within these organisms potentially serve many practical purposes. Because of their ability to maintain homeostasis in spite of the salt around them, H. volcanii could be an important player in advancements in biotechnology. As it is likely that H. volcanii and comparable species are ranked among the earliest living organisms, they also provide information related to genetics and evolution.[10]
Dead Sea
[edit]The Dead Sea contains a very high concentration of sodium, magnesium, and calcium salts. This combination makes the sea an ideal environment for extremophiles such as H.volcanii.[11] The Dead Sea has a diverse community of microorganisms, though the field tests completed by Kaplan and Friedman reported that H.volcanii had the largest numerical presence within the community.[12] It is common to find higher numbers of the halophile during the summer, as the Dead Sea is much warmer, averaging around 37 degrees Celsius, and thus more conducive to bacterial blooms.[13] Unfortunately, the Dead Sea is becoming less hospitable to extremophiles such as H. volcanii due to increasing salinity, credited to both natural factors and human activities. As the predominant environment for Haloferax volcanii, the change in salinity places the species at risk.
DNA damage and repair
[edit]In prokaryotes the DNA genome is organized in a dynamic structure, the nucleoid, which is embedded in the cytoplasm. Exposure of Haloferax volcanii to stresses that damage the DNA cause compaction and reorganization of the nucleoid.[14] Compaction depends on the Mre11-Rad50 protein complex that is employed in the homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Delmas et al.[14] proposed that nucleoid compaction is part of a DNA damage response that accelerates cell recovery by helping DNA repair proteins to locate targets, and by facilitating the search for intact DNA sequences during homologous recombination.
Genetic exchange
[edit]It has been shown that H. volcanii, can undergo a process of genetic exchange by mixing cells together on a solid, nitrocellulose membrane. The process of transduction and transformation were ruled out, leaving conjugation as a potential transfer mechanism. This mechanism is thought to be novel from other known forms, as genetic exchange does not seem to be unidirectional like in classic forms of conjugation of other prokaryotic systems.[15]
Prolonged contact between cells is required as cells grown in liquid media, while being agitated, show no genetic transfer.[15] Electron microscopy experiments have captured images of H. volcanii cells attached to each other via multiple cytoplasmic bridge-like structures[16] and it is thought that this is the apparent method of genetic exchange. The protein machinery directly involved in the formation of these bridges and transfer of DNA is yet to be discovered though a study publishing RNAseq data hints at various proteins involved.[17] Others have also shown that manipulating environmental salt concentrations,[18] global glycosylation,[18] and cell surface lipidation[19] alter the rate of the genetic transfer.
This archaeal DNA conjugation system has been shown to even work in an interspecies manner as H. volcanii and the closely related species H. mediterranei are able to exchange genetic information by this process at a similar level to intraspecies exchange.[20] Unless selecting for the need to recombine the exchanging chromosomes, recombination is not required for survival of the exchanging cells. This can lead to the formation of hybrid cells which contain two distinct chromosomes.[20]
CRISPR may also be playing a role in the regulation of this genetic transfer as cells are shown to acquire new spacers into their CRISPR arrays during this process.[21]
Astrobiology
[edit]The conditions in which Haloferax volcanii survives—high salinity and high radiation—are very similar to the conditions found on Mars's surface. Consequently, the organism is currently being used to test the survivability of earth-native extremophiles on Mars. Advances in this field could lead to a greater understanding of the possibility and development of extraterrestrial life.[22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
- ^ Oren, A. (2014). "The Order Halanaerobiales, and the Families Halanaerobiaceae and Halobacteroidaceae". In Rosenberg, E.; DeLong, E.F.; Lory, S.; Stackebrandt, E.; Thompson, F. (eds.). Firmicutes and Tenericutes. The Prokaryotes (4th ed.). Springer. pp. 153–177. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_218. ISBN 978-3-642-30120-9.
- ^ Zaigler A, Schuster SC, Soppa J (May 2003). "Construction and usage of a onefold-coverage shotgun DNA microarray to characterize the metabolism of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii". Mol Microbiol. 48 (4): 1089–105. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03497.x. PMID 12753198.
- ^ a b "UCSC Genome Browser Gateway". archaea.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Hartman, AL; Norais, C; Badger, JH; Delmas, S; Haldenby, S; Madupu, R; Robinson, J; Khouri, H; Ren, Q; Lowe, TM; Maupin-Furlow, J; Pohlschroder, M; Daniels, C; Pfeiffer, F; Allers, T; Eisen, JA (2010). "The complete genome sequence of Haloferax volcanii DS2, a model archaeon". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9605. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9605H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009605. PMC 2841640. PMID 20333302.
- ^ Duggin et al. 2014
- ^ Garrity, G.M., Castenholz, R.W., and Boone, D.R. (Eds.) Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, Volume One: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. 2001. p. 316.
- ^ Walsh et al. 2019
- ^ Schiller, Heather; Schulze, Stefan; Mutan, Zuha; de Vaulx, Charlotte; Runcie, Catalina; Schwartz, Jessica; Rados, Theopi; Bisson Filho, Alexandre W.; Pohlschroder, Mechthild (January 2020). "Haloferax Volcanii Immersed Liquid Biofilms Develop Independently of Known Biofilm Machineries and Exhibit Rapid Honeycomb Pattern Formation". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.07.18.206797.
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Haloferax. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Oren, A. (1983). "Population dynamics of halobacteria in the Dead Sea water column". Limnology and Oceanography. 28 (6): 1094–1103. Bibcode:1983LimOc..28.1094O. doi:10.4319/lo.1983.28.6.1094.
- ^ Mullakhanbhai MF, Larsen H (August 1975). "Halobacterium volcanii spec. nov., a Dead Sea halobacterium with a moderate salt requirement". Arch Microbiol. 104 (3): 207–14. Bibcode:1975ArMic.104..207M. doi:10.1007/BF00447326. PMID 1190944.
- ^ Neev, D.; Emery, K.O. (1967). The Dead Sea: depositional processes and environments of evaporites. Bulletin (Makhon ha-geʼologi (Israel)). Vol. 41. OCLC 525060.
- ^ a b Delmas, S; Duggin, IG; Allers, T (2013). "DNA damage induces nucleoid compaction via the Mre11-Rad50 complex in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii". Mol Microbiol. 87 (1): 168–79. doi:10.1111/mmi.12091. PMC 3565448. PMID 23145964.
- ^ a b Mevarech, M; Werczberger, R (April 1985). "Genetic transfer in Halobacterium volcanii". Journal of Bacteriology. 162 (1): 461–2. doi:10.1128/jb.162.1.461-462.1985. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 219016. PMID 3980444.
- ^ Rosenshine, I.; Tchelet, R.; Mevarech, M. (1989-09-22). "The mechanism of DNA transfer in the mating system of an archaebacterium". Science. 245 (4924): 1387–9. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1387R. doi:10.1126/science.2818746. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2818746.
- ^ Makkay, Andrea M.; Louyakis, Artemis S.; Ram-Mohan, Nikhil; Gophna, Uri; Gogarten, J. Peter; Papke, R. Thane (2020-12-18). "Insights into gene expression changes under conditions that facilitate horizontal gene transfer (mating) of a model archaeon". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 22297. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1022297M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79296-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7749143. PMID 33339886.
- ^ a b Shalev, Yarden; Turgeman-Grott, Israela; Tamir, Adi; Eichler, Jerry; Gophna, Uri (2017). "Cell Surface Glycosylation Is Required for Efficient Mating of Haloferax volcanii". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1253. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01253. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5496957. PMID 28725221.
- ^ Abdul Halim, Mohd Farid; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Zou, James; Frisch, Andrew; Haft, Daniel; Wu, Si; Tolić, Nikola; Brewer, Heather; Payne, Samuel H.; Paša-Tolić, Ljiljana; Pohlschroder, Mechthild (June 2013). "Haloferax volcanii archaeosortase is required for motility, mating, and C-terminal processing of the S-layer glycoprotein". Molecular Microbiology. 88 (6): 1164–75. doi:10.1111/mmi.12248. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 23651326. S2CID 5756916.
- ^ a b Naor, Adit; Lapierre, Pascal; Mevarech, Moshe; Papke, R. Thane; Gophna, Uri (2012-08-07). "Low species barriers in halophilic archaea and the formation of recombinant hybrids". Current Biology. 22 (15): 1444–8. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.1444N. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.056. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 22748314. S2CID 12634287.
- ^ Turgeman-Grott, Israela; Joseph, Shirley; Marton, Sam; Eizenshtein, Kim; Naor, Adit; Soucy, Shannon M.; Stachler, Aris-Edda; Shalev, Yarden; Zarkor, Mor; Reshef, Leah; Altman-Price, Neta; Marchfelder, Anita; Gophna, Uri (January 2019). "Pervasive acquisition of CRISPR memory driven by inter-species mating of archaea can limit gene transfer and influence speciation". Nature Microbiology. 4 (1): 177–186. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0302-8. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 6298592. PMID 30478289.
- ^ DasSarma, S. (2006). "Extreme Halophiles Are Models for Astrobiology" (PDF). Microbe Magazine. 1 (3): 120–6. doi:10.1128/MICROBE.1.120.1.
Sources
[edit]- Duggin, Iain G.; Aylett, Christopher H. S.; Walsh, James C.; Michie, Katharine A.; Wang, Qing; Turnbull, Lynne; Dawson, Emma M.; Harry, Elizabeth J.; Whitchurch, Cynthia B.; Amos, Linda A.; Löwe, Jan (December 2014). "CetZ tubulin-like proteins control archaeal cell shape". Nature. 519 (7543): 362–5. doi:10.1038/nature13983. PMC 4369195. PMID 25533961.
- Walsh, James C.; Angstmann, Christopher N.; Bisson-Filho, Alexandre W.; Garner, Ethan C.; Duggin, Iain G.; Curmi, Paul M. G. (June 2019). "Division plane placement in pleomorphic archaea is dynamically coupled to cell shape". Molecular Microbiology. 112 (3): 785–799. doi:10.1111/mmi.14316. PMC 6736733. PMID 31136034.
Further reading
[edit]- Carletti, Micaela; Martinez, Maria J.; Gimenez, Maria I.; Sastre, Diego E.; Paggi, Roberto A.; De Castro, Rosana E. (Jun 2014). "The LonB protease controls membrane lipids composition and is essential for viability in the extremophilic haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii". Environmental Microbiology. 16 (6, Sp. Iss. SI): 1779–92. Bibcode:2014EnvMi..16.1779C. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12385. hdl:11336/13121. PMID 24428705. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- Chimileski, Scott; Franklin, Michael J; Papke, R Thane (14 August 2014). "Biofilms formed by the archaeon Haloferax volcanii exhibit cellular differentiation and social motility, and facilitate horizontal gene transfer". BMC Biology. 12: 65. doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0065-5. PMC 4180959. PMID 25124934.
- Oren A, Ventosa A (2000). "International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the meetings, 16 August 1999, Sydney, Australia". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50 (3): 1405–7. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1405. PMID 10843089.
- Parente, Juliana; Casabuono, Adriana; Ferrari, Maria; Paggi, Roberto; De Castro, Rosana; Cuoto, Alicia; Gimenez, Maria (April 18, 2014). "A Rhomboid Protease Gene Deletion Affects a Novel Oligosaccharide N-Linked to the S-layer Glycoprotein of Haloferax volcanii". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (16): 11304–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.546531. PMC 4036268. PMID 24596091.
- Torreblanca M, Rodriquez-Valera F, Juez G, Ventosa A, Kamekura M, Kates M (1986). "Classification of non-alkaliphilic halobacteria based on numerical taxonomy and polar lipid composition, and description of Haloarcula gen. nov. and Haloferax gen.nov". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 8 (1–2): 89–99. Bibcode:1986SyApM...8...89T. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80155-2.
- Schiller, Heather; Schulze, Stefan; Mutan, Zuha; de Vaulx, Charlotte; Runcie, Catalina; Schwartz, Jessica; Rados, Theopi; Bisson Filho, Alexandre W.; Pohlschroder, Mechthild (2020-07-18), "Haloferax volcanii immersed liquid biofilms develop independently of known biofilm machineries and exhibit rapid honeycomb pattern formation", mSphere, 5 (6), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.07.18.206797, doi:10.1128/mSphere.00976-20, PMC 7771232, PMID 33328348
- de Silva, Roshali T.; Abdul-Halim, Mohd F.; Pittrich, Dorothea A.; Brown, Hannah J.; Pohlschroder, Mechthild; Duggin, Iain G. (February 2021). "Improved growth and morphological plasticity of Haloferax volcanii". Microbiology (Reading). 167 (2). doi:10.1099/mic.0.001012. hdl:10453/147869. PMC 8131023. PMID 33459585.
Scientific books
[edit]- Gibbons, NE (1974). "Family V. Halobacteriaceae fam. nov.". In Buchanan, RE; Gibbons, NE (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed.). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-01117-3. OCLC 754547.