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Gwen Kelly

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Gwen Kelly
BornGwen Nita Smith
28 July 1922
Thornleigh, New South Wales
DiedAugust 19, 2012(2012-08-19) (aged 90)
NationalityAustralian
Alma materUniversity of Sydney
GenreNovels
Notable worksAlways Afternoon
SpouseMaurice Nugent Kelly

Gwen Kelly (28 July 1922 – 19 August 2012) was an award-winning Australian novelist, short story writer and poet, whose fourth novel, Always Afternoon, was made into a television mini-series in 1988. She was considered by some to be one of the "major Australian writers",[1] whose novels are "an intimate chronicling of women's lives and of our yesterdays",[2] "probing stereotypical Australian attitudes and behaviour".[3]

Early life

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Gwen Nita Smith was born in Thornleigh, near Sydney, New South Wales, on 28 July 1922, the fourth of five daughters to accountant George Rupert Smith and his wife, Mary Ann (née Heath), who died when Gwen was just nine years old.[4][5][6] She began writing early, and during her teenage years her poetry was published in the children's pages of newspapers and magazines.[7][8] She attended Fort Street Girls High,[9] and was awarded a scholarship to the University of Sydney in 1940.[10] There she studied English and Philosophy, graduating in 1944 with first-class honours and the University Medal in English.[11][12] One of her teachers was the Challis Professor of Philosophy (1927–58) John Anderson, a promoter of free thought in morality and politics and advocate of academic freedom.[11][13] During her time at university, she experienced a "conversion" from the Baptist faith she had been brought up in, to atheism or agnosticism.[14] In 1945, she married Classics scholar Maurice Nugent Kelly (1919–2011).[11][12]

Career

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In the late 1940s, Gwen Kelly lectured briefly in philosophy at the University of Sydney and the University of New England.[6][11][12] She continued to write, using the pen name Nita Heath,[11][12][15] with short stories published in women's magazines[16][17] and read on radio.[18][19]

In 1954, Maurice Kelly was appointed to the University of New England, and he, Gwen and their young daughters Bronwyn and Jillian moved to Armidale.[6][11] In 1960 and 1961, the family lived in Quebec, Canada, while Maurice completed his PhD at Laval University. Gwen Kelly's first novel, There Is No Refuge was published by Heinemann in 1961;[20][21] it portrays the life of a young Sydney woman through the Great Depression and WWII, and her religious and moral challenges while at university.[22][23] A UK reviewer considered her "an author with a future", but felt it necessary to mention that the outback, kangaroos and goannas did not feature at all in the novel.[24] Canada provided the landscape for her second novel The Red Boat (1968),[11] which "explores the extent to which a breakdown in childhood filial relationships can damage emotional development and well-being into adult life".[25]

After returning to Armidale, Gwen was appointed Lecturer in English and Philosophy at the Armidale Teachers' College in 1964, and remained at the college until her retirement in the early 1980s.[6] With a colleague, she wrote What is Right? Case Studies in the Ethics of Education (1970), in which "[t]rue conflicts between child and teacher are analysed by the authors ..... Conflicts that question the ethics of education; that dispute the teacher's powers in and out of class; that take into account the child's family background and personal behavior."[26] She also wrote two guides to the writings of Henry Lawson (both in 1975), and continued to publish short stories in literary journals including The Literary Review, Southerly, Quadrant and Meanjin. In 1968 she won her first Henry Lawson Prose Award for her short story 'Day at Paffts'.[27]

Her third novel, The Middle-Aged Maidens, published in 1976, is set in a private girls' school in a small town, and is narrated by one of the schoolteachers and three successive headmistresses.[28] It has been described as a "fierce appraisal of small-town shortcomings ... [an] acerbic depiction of a private school for girls in Armidale."[29]: 111  Reviewers appreciated that "the headmistresses' characters are sketched with sharp and brilliant lines ...... Gwen Kelly draws from us that complexity of response which is normal in life, rare in literature";[30] and described the novel as "spiteful, malicious, cunning, intensely readable ..... Delicious, Ms Kelly .... you know your Australia and you've a lovely way with words".[31]

Also in 1976, her short story 'Country Show' was adapted for screen as a short film called Showtime, directed by Jan Chapman, produced by Sandra Levy, written by Margaret Kelly, with cinematography by Jan Kenny, and starring Jude Kuring and Lorna Lesley.[32][33][34] Director Jan Chapman remembered that Showtime, "about the school system’s reaction to an affair between two women teachers", was shown at the Sydney Filmmakers Co-op cinema as part of a program about life in school, including Jane Oehr’s Stirring (1974) .... [and] Ken Cameron’s first film Sailing To Brooklyn (1974)".[35]

Always Afternoon (1981) is perhaps Gwen Kelly's best-known work. Set during the years 1915-18, it concerns the lives of those in the small northern NSW town of Arakoon, where German nationals and Australian-born descendants of German migrants were interned in Trial Bay Gaol as enemy aliens. In Kelly's novel, a young local woman, Freda Kennon, falls in love with Franz, one of the internees who is a violinist. While some critics described the romance as a "vapid Romeo-and-Juliet scenario",[29] other reviewers commented that "Kelly depicts very well Freda's adolescence and the conflict between her love and her puritanical upbringing. She is also successful in evoking the claustrophobic atmosphere in a small country town where life is "always afternoon",[36] and "Kelly is good at creating the feeling of life within the jail walls ... [and] depicts the growing hatred in the district, growing to dangerous proportions" as local families are affected by the deaths and injuries suffered by their menfolk away fighting in the war.[37][3] Always Afternoon was made into a TV mini-series in 1988[38] by SBS TV in cooperation with German network NDR, with actors from Australia, Germany and the UK.[39][40] In a decade in which Australian male soldiers' experiences of WWI were notably explored in film (eg Gallipoli, Breaker Morant, The Lighthorsemen) and TV series (eg ANZACs), Always Afternoon provided a very different perspective, focusing on the home front and the experiences of civilians, particularly women,[29] and those who had thought they were civilians but suddenly became aliens. Kelly's novel has also been the subject of analysis by several academics exploring responses to WWI in Australian literature.[41][42][43]

Arrows of Rain (1988) was her fifth novel, "covering forty years in the life of the Drayton family beginning with the opening of the Sydney Harbour bridge and closing with the advent of the Whitlam government." During this time, "the two Drayton daughters have gone from decade to decade uncharitably playing favourites, unfairly claiming privileges and unpityingly scoring points against each other."[1]

The following year, Kelly was awarded her second Society of Women Writers Hilarie Lindsay Award for achievement by a woman writer. Her work has been translated in Switzerland, East Germany[44] and Indonesia. She was a generous supporter of the New England Writers Centre, and assisted many aspiring or mid-career writers.[11]

Selected works

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Novels

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  • There Is No Refuge (1961)
  • The Red Boat (1968) OCLC 41179
  • The Middle-Aged Maidens (1976) ISBN 9780207162787, OCLC 801864341
  • Always Afternoon (1981) ISBN 9780732224080, OCLC 1035868796
  • Arrows of Rain (1988) ISBN 9780207157295, OCLC 22729933

Short stories

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  • The Happy People and Others (1988)[45]

Poetry

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  • Fossils and stray cats : selected poems of Gwen Kelly & A.J. Bennett. (1981)

Non-fiction

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Awards

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References

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  1. ^ a b Barr, Todd; Sullivan, Rodney J. (Rodney John), 1943- (2005), Words to walk by : exploring literary Brisbane, University of Queensland Press, ISBN 978-0-7022-3517-7{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Ryan, J. S. (John Sprott); University of New England. Heritage Futures Research Centre (2008), Tales from New England (1st ed.), Heritage Futures Research Centre ; Lane Cove, N.S.W. : Woodbine Press, ISBN 978-0-949557-22-3
  3. ^ a b ""Arakoon: The Lore Surrounding the Gaol: Gwen Kelly's 'Always Afternoon' (1981)"". University of New England. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  4. ^ Blain, Virginia; Blain, Virginia, 1945-; Grundy, Isobel; Clements, Patricia (1990), The feminist companion to literature in English: women writers from the Middle Ages to the present, B.T. Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-7291-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Kelly, Gwen. In search of my mother [online. Quadrant, Vol. 41, No. 3, Mar 1997: 21-25. Availability: ISSN 0033-5002] [cited 08 Oct 18].
  6. ^ a b c d Ross-Smith, Judith (15 December 2012). "Obituary: The write way to make a difference". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Country Town". The Sun. No. 1689. New South Wales, Australia. 11 August 1935. p. 2 (SUPPLEMENT TO THE SUNDAY SUN AND GUARDIAN SUNBEAMS). Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ "WINTER". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 31, 670. New South Wales, Australia. 3 July 1939. p. 23 (Women's Supplement). Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ The Magazine of the Fort Street Girls High School, May 1940. https://www.fortstreet.nsw.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/1940-May-GIRLS.pdf
  10. ^ "STUDENTS GAIN UNI. PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS". Daily News. Vol. 2, no. 382. New South Wales, Australia. 20 February 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m New England Writers' Centre (December 2012 – February 2013). "Goodbye Gwen" (PDF). New England Writers' Centre. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Gwen Kelly: (author/organisation) | AustLit: Discover Australian Stories".
  13. ^ Baker, A. J. “John Anderson and Freethought.” The Australian Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, 1962, pp. 50–63. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20633830.
  14. ^ Kelly, Gwen. Queens, Evangelists, and writers [online. Quadrant, Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1971: 24-26. Availability: ISSN 0033-5002.] [cited 08 Oct 18]
  15. ^ Room, Adrian (2010), Dictionary of pseudonyms : 13,000 assumed names and their origins (5th ed.), McFarland & Co, ISBN 978-0-7864-4373-4
  16. ^ "MESSAGE FROM THE CHRISTMAS BELL", The Australian Woman's Mirror, 29 (5): 15, 24 December 1952, retrieved 8 October 2018
  17. ^ "QUEEN of the FAIRIES", The Australian Woman's Mirror, 29 (30): 2, 17 June 1953, retrieved 8 October 2018
  18. ^ "Today's Radio Programmes". The Advertiser (Adelaide). Vol. 97, no. 30, 011. South Australia. 21 December 1954. p. 22. Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ "RADIO CHANCES FOR AUTHORS". Brisbane Telegraph. Queensland, Australia. 22 December 1954. p. 8 (LAST RACE STUMPS). Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  20. ^ Smith, R. D., et al. "Shorter Notices." The Times Literary Supplement, 9 June 1961, p. 361. The Times Literary Supplement Historical Archive, http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/7CNGK8. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.
  21. ^ Heseltine, HP (1961), "Fiction Chronicle [Book Review]", Meanjin Quarterly, 20 (4): 474–491, ISSN 0815-953X
  22. ^ "YOUR BOOKSHELF". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 29, no. 14. Australia. 6 September 1961. p. 83. Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ Hergenhan, L. Book reviews [Book Review [online]. Quadrant, Vol. 6, No. 2, Autumn 1962: 81-83. Availability: ISSN 0033-5002.] [cited 13 Oct 18]
  24. ^ Fane, Vernon (10 June 1961). "Books". The Sphere. 245 (3184): 420–421.
  25. ^ Bennett, Anthony J. (1988) 'Introduction', in Kelly, Gwen; Bennett, A. J. (Anthony J.) (1988), The happy people and others, Kardoorair Press, ISBN 978-0-908244-13-3
  26. ^ "Dazzling career of a Wall Street rogue". Papua New Guinea Post-courier. International, Australia. 28 August 1970. p. 24. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Kelly, Gwen; Bennett, A. J. (Anthony J.) (1988), The happy people and others, Kardoorair Press, ISBN 978-0-908244-13-3
  28. ^ Berridge, Elizabeth. "Recent Fiction." Daily Telegraph, 13 Oct. 1977, p. 15. The Telegraph Historical Archive, Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.
  29. ^ a b c Gelder, Ken; Salzman, Paul (1989). The New Diversity. Australian Fiction 1970-88. Melbourne, Australia: McPhee Gribble. ISBN 086914068X.
  30. ^ "HERMITS AND MISTRESSES". The Canberra Times. Vol. 51, no. 14, 566. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 24 December 1976. p. 8. Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  31. ^ "Books reviewed by Eileen Alderton". The Australian Women's Weekly. Vol. 44, no. 18. Australia. 6 October 1976. p. 103. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^ Levy, Sandra. (Producer); Chapman, Janine. (Director); Lesley, Lorna. (Actor); Kelly, M. (Margaret) (Writer of accompanying material); Kenny, Jan. (Photographer); Kuring, Jude. (Actor); Kelly, Gwen, 1922-. Country show (1978), Showtime, Made [by] Sandra Levy [and] Jan Chapman with the assistance of the Creative Development Branch of the Australian Film Commission, retrieved 10 October 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "The Story". Filmnews. Vol. 8, no. 6. New South Wales, Australia. 1 June 1978. p. 11. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  34. ^ "Reel women in Meboume". Filmnews. Vol. 8, no. 12. New South Wales, Australia. 1 December 1978. p. 10. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  35. ^ Chapman, Jan (October 2002). "Some Significant Women in Australian Film – A Celebration and a Cautionary Tale". Senses of Cinema. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  36. ^ "Pym, pricking pretension". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 221. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 May 1988. p. 8. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. ^ "HATREDS EXPOSED". The Canberra Times. Vol. 55, no. 16, 773. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 29 August 1981. p. 15. Retrieved 8 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  38. ^ Bodi, Leslie (2001). "The Settlers: Germans - Theatre and the Media". In Jupp, James (ed.). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. p. 383. ISBN 9780521807890. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  39. ^ "Love blooms in enemy aliens' camp". The Canberra Times. Vol. 61, no. 18, 826. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 20 April 1987. p. 25. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  40. ^ "The Canberra Times". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 146. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 7 March 1988. p. 27. Retrieved 10 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  41. ^ Spittel, Christina. 'Nostalgia for the Nation? The First World War in Australian Novels of the 1970s and 1980s'. In Löschnigg, Martin; Sokolowska-Paryz, Marzena (2014), The Great War in post-memory literature and film, Berlin Boston De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-036290-9
  42. ^ Coates, Donna (22 September 2002), "Sleeping with the enemy: patriot games in fictions by Lesbia Harford, Gwen Kelly, and Joan Dugdale", The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 37 (2): 157–173, doi:10.1177/002198940203700210, ISSN 0021-9894, S2CID 162445555
  43. ^ Coates D. (2001) 'Myrmidons to Insubordinates: Australian, New Zealand and Canadian Women’s Fictional Responses to the Great War.' In: Quinn P.J., Trout S. (eds) The Literature of the Great War Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan, London
  44. ^ Spittel, Christina (2016) ' 'To do something for Australian literature': Anthologizing Australia for the German Democratic Republic of the 1970s', in Moore, Nicole, 1969; Spittel, Christina (2016), Australian literature in the German Democratic Republic : reading through the Iron Curtain, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-78308-525-5{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Daniel, Helen (6 August 1988). "Realism in all its glory". The Sydney Morning Herald: 76. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  46. ^ Kelly, Gwen. Portrait of a New Community: A Personal Impression [online]. Meanjin, Vol. 16, No. 4, Summer 1957: 399-407. ISSN 1324-1745.] [cited 13 Oct 18].
  47. ^ Hogan, Michael. Postwar emergency housing in Sydney - the camps that never were [online. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 97, No. 1, June 2011: 7-24. ISSN 0035-8762.] [cited 13 Oct 18].
  48. ^ Pickett, Charles; Powerhouse Museum (1997), The fibro frontier : a different history of Australian architecture, Powerhouse Publishing, ISBN 978-0-86824-718-2
  49. ^ Harris, R. (2000), To Market! To Market! The Changing Role of the Australian Timber Merchant, 1945–c.1965. Australian Economic History Review, 40: 22-50. doi:10.1111/1467-8446.00054
  50. ^ a b c Lindsay, Hilarie, 1922-; Grenfell Henry Lawson Festival (1981), Echoes of Henry Lawson, Ansay : distributed by A.L. Lindsay & Co, ISBN 978-0-909245-36-8{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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