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Greenhithe, New Zealand

Coordinates: 36°46′16″S 174°41′02″E / 36.771°S 174.684°E / -36.771; 174.684
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For the village in Kent, UK, see Greenhithe, Kent.

Greenhithe
Suburb
Greenhithe looking towards the Waitākere Ranges.
Greenhithe looking towards the Waitākere Ranges.
Map
Coordinates: 36°46′16″S 174°41′02″E / 36.771°S 174.684°E / -36.771; 174.684
CountryNew Zealand
CityAuckland
Local authorityAuckland Council
Electoral wardAlbany ward
Local boardUpper Harbour Local Board
Area
[1]
 • Land781 ha (1,930 acres)
Population
 (June 2024)[2]
 • Total9,430
Postcode(s)
0632
Pāremoremo Schnapper Rock Unsworth Heights
Herald Island
Greenhithe
 Bayview
Hobsonville (Waitematā Harbour) Beach Haven

Greenhithe is a northwestern suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, located on the North Shore. Greenhithe was the location of Tauhinu, a fortified Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua pā which overlooked the entrance to Oruamo or Hellyers Creek, that was settled until the 1820s. In the 1860s, the Forgham family established a community at Greenhithe, which by the 1880s had become a major fruit producer for Auckland. Boat repair and construction became major industries in Greenhithe in the 1960s.

The area developed into a suburb of Auckland after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in 1959 and the Upper Harbour Bridge in 1975. The North Shore City Council identified Greenhithe as an area for suburban growth in 2002, leading the population to double between 2001 and 2018.

Etymologies

[edit]

Greenhithe was the name early settler Henry James Blyth gave to the Forgham family house and orchards when he took over the property in 1882.[3][4] It is named after Greenhithe, a village in Kent, England on the River Thames, where Blyth kept his yacht before moving to New Zealand.[3] The Māori language name for the area, Tauhinu, refers to the Tauhinu defensive pā at the south of the suburb, which was named for tauhinu, a Pomaderris shrub that grew in the area known for its medicinal properties.[5]

Geography

[edit]
2016 satellite view of the Greenhithe peninsula

Greenhithe is a suburb of the North Shore of New Zealand. It is a peninsula surrounded by the Upper Waitematā Harbour, Lucas Creek and Oruamo or Hellyers Creek. The highest point in the suburb are the 85-metre cliffs at the very south of the peninsula.[6] Te Wharau Creek is a stream that flows northwards through the suburb, becoming an estuary flowing into the Lucas Creek.[7] Wainoni is a suburban area in Greenhithe, located around Wainoni Park.[8] The suburb is bisected by State Highway 18, also known as the Upper Harbour Motorway, which links the North Shore to Hobsonville in West Auckland.

The banks of the Lucas Creek were historically kauri-dominated forests.[9] By the mid-19th century, the area had developed into a mānuka and fern-dominated scrubland.[10]

History

[edit]

Māori history

[edit]
The Tauhinu pā in Greenhithe was named after the tauhinu shrub, known for its medicinal properties (pictured: Pomaderris amoena)

Most of what is known of Greenhithe's traditional history is based on the retelling by Whatarangi Ngati of Pāremoremo in the early 20th century. Whatarangi was the mother-in-law of ethnographer George Graham, and was well-versed in the tribal histories of Ngāti Whanaunga, Ngāti Whātua and Ngāti Pāoa.[11][12] At Greenhithe, Tauhinu was established as a fortified Te Kawerau ā Maki pā, on the southern cliffs of the peninsula.[13][14] The pā overlooked Ngā Ngutuko ("The Pouted Lips"), the entrance to Oruamo or Hellyers Creek.[15] A kāinga called Te Wharemoenanu ("The House of Sleep Talking") was located at the west of the suburb, at the entrance to Lucas Creek.[16][17] Several other place names are known in the area, including Te Wharauakae ("The Shed of Kae"), the bay east of Greenhithe referring to a Te Kawerau ancestor who was killed here, Te Okoaratanga, the headland to the east of Greenhithe,[18][15] and Ana Kororā, a site where kororā (little penguins) were captured in autumn.[14] The band of the Upper Waitematā Harbour between Greenhithe and Herald Island was known as Wainoni.[5]

Tauhinu pā, alongside other settlements of the North Shore, was attacked by Kapetaua (also known as Kapetawa) of the Hauraki Gulf around the year 1700, in retribution for Kapetaua being left stranded on Bean Rock.[11][19][20] During the conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Kiwi Tāmaki of Waiohua, who was the paramount chief of the Auckland isthmus (circa 1740), the people of Tauhinu pā fought with Ngāti Whātua. Pahauroa, chief of Tauhinu, was wounded and died at Judges Bay during the conflict.[11]

By the first half of the 19th century, the Greenhithe area was one of the most densely settled areas of the North Shore by Tāmaki Māori peoples.[21] During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of war parties during the Musket Wars.[22][23] Ngāti Whātua left an ahi kā presence at Tauhinu pā, which included a small number of warriors.[11] When people returned in greater numbers to the Auckland Region in the mid-1830s, Ngāti Whātua focused resettlement in the Māngere-Onehunga area,[24] while Te Kawerau ā Maki focused settlement at Te Henga / Bethells Beach.[25]

European settlement

[edit]
The Forgham family at Fern Bank in 1870
Greenhithe wharf and cliffs in 1912
Lemon gathering at Greenhithe in 1921

The Greenhithe area was a part of the Mahurangi Block, which was purchased by the New Zealand Government in the early 1840s.[13] Kauri gum digging was a major income source for European settlers in the late 1840s.[15] The first Crown land grants to European settlers in Greenhithe were to the Gamble Brothers, shoemakers from Auckland who purchased property in 1854 and 1855.[13] The first known permanent resident was George Deane, who purchased 69 acres of land adjacent to Lucas Creek in 1858 and settled here with his wife. After struggling to make a living in the area, Deane and his wife left for Britain in 1861.[26] During this period, the western Greenhithe headland gained the name Humbug Point by shippers who worked along the Upper Waitematā Harbour area, due to the extensive sand banks that required ships to take wide detours.[27]

In the mid-1860s, Thomas and Mary Forgham arrived in Auckland from Birmingham, establishing a self-sustaining community in Greenhithe.[15] Calling their farmhouse Fern Bank (later Grey Oaks), the Forghams planted fruit trees and farmed livestock.[28] The name Greenhithe became popularised in the 1880s, after Henry James Blyth, renamed the farmstead this after he took ownership of the farm in the 1880s. Fruit boxes headed to the Auckland markets from the farm had the name Greenhithe prominently written on them.[28] By the late 1880s, orchards growing apples, lemons and pears had become the major industry of the area.[15]

Greenhithe began developing as a rural community in the 1910s and 1920s.[29] Thomas Hunter established the first reliable passenger and shipping service to Auckland in 1908,[30] the Greenhithe Hall was constructed in 1914, and the first store was opened in 1917.[15] By the 1920s, the Greenhithe Hall had become the centre of social life for the area,[31] and the Jonkers family fruit canning factory was opened.[32] In 1926 the population was 134,[29] which had grown to 471 by 1951.[33] In the 1920s, Winstone Ltd dredged the sandy Upper Waitematā Harbour, which led to instability in the Greenhithe cliffs, causing them to collapse from 30.5 metres (100 ft) to 18.5 metres (61 ft).[27]

Suburban development

[edit]

Greenhithe became much more closely connected to Auckland when the Auckland Harbour Bridge opened in 1959,[34] and the Greenhithe ferry service closed in 1960.[35] In 1958, a boatyard opened on Rame Road, leading boat repair to become one of the largest enterprises in Greenhithe.[36][37] Ferro Cement Ltd began producing concrete hulled boats in Greenhithe in the mid-1960s.[38] As Albany and other areas of the North Shore became more popular locations for businesses in the latter 20th century, most industrial sites left Greenhithe.[39]

Greenhithe saw a second growth burst in the 1970s, after the Upper Harbour Bridge was constructed in 1975.[40][34] In 1971 the population had reached 1,076, and by 1981 this had grown to 1,578.[41] Greenhithe was a targeted area for population growth by the North Shore City Council in 2002.[42] The population of the suburb grew significantly after these changes, from 4,170 in 2001[42] to 7,613 in 2013.[43]

In 2007, the Upper Harbour Motorway was opened, creating a motorway connection between West Auckland and the North Shore via Greenhithe.[44]

Local government

[edit]

From 1876 until 1954, the area was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland.[45] A highway board was established in 1886, but only lasted two years before folding.[38]

On 1 August 1974, the Waitemata County was dissolved,[46] and Greenhithe became a rural area incorporated into Takapuna City.[47] In 1989, Greenhithe was merged into the North Shore City.[48] North Shore City was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.[49]

Within the Auckland Council, Greenhithe is a part of the Upper Harbour local government area governed by the Upper Harbour Local Board. It is a part of the Albany ward, which elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.

Demographics

[edit]

Greenhithe covers 7.81 km2 (3.02 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 9,430 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 1,207 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20065,901—    
20137,683+3.84%
20188,592+2.26%
Source: [43]

Greenhithe had a population of 8,592 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 909 people (11.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,691 people (45.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,613 households, comprising 4,263 males and 4,329 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 1,821 people (21.2%) aged under 15 years, 1,758 (20.5%) aged 15 to 29, 4,245 (49.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 768 (8.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 71.1% European/Pākehā, 4.6% Māori, 2.0% Pacific peoples, 26.1% Asian, and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 41.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.3% had no religion, 31.1% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.8% were Hindu, 0.9% were Muslim, 0.9% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,334 (34.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 543 (8.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,022 people (29.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,699 (54.6%) people were employed full-time, 1,062 (15.7%) were part-time, and 192 (2.8%) were unemployed.[43]

Individual statistical areas
Name Area (km2) Population Density (per km2) Households Median age Median income
Greenhithe West 2.72 3,501 1,287 1,101 41.9 years $44,700[50]
Greenhithe East 1.44 3,093 2,148 912 34.5 years $42,000[51]
Greenhithe South 3.64 1,998 549 600 36.9 years $42,500[52]
New Zealand 37.4 years $31,800

Amenities

[edit]
The gates of the Greenhithe War Memorial Park
  • Greenhithe Community Hall, a community centre first established in 1914.[53]
  • Greenhithe village, the main commercial centre of the suburb on Greenhithe Road.[54]
  • Greenhithe War Memorial Park, a park established as a World War II memorial.[15]
  • North Shore Rowing Club, which operates from Rame Road in Greenhithe.[55]
  • St Michael and All Angels is an Anglican church in Greenhithe that was constructed in 1956.[56]
  • Wainoni Park is a 40 hectares (99 acres) suburban park located in Greenhithe.[57][58] It is the home of Greenhithe FC,[59] the Greenhithe Pony Club and Greenhithe Riding for the Disabled.[58]

Education

[edit]

Greenhithe School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1-6) school with a roll of 497 students as at August 2024.[60][61] The school opened as a small rural school in 1893.[62]

Upper Harbour Primary School is a coeducational contributing primary school (years 1-6), with a roll of 405 students as at August 2024.[60][63] The school opened in February 2006.[64]

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 6.
  4. ^ "Greenhithe". New Zealand History Online. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b King, R. E. 1984, pp. 3.
  6. ^ "Greenhithe". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  7. ^ "Te Wharau Creek". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  8. ^ Gregory's Auckland & Surrounds Street Directory (3rd ed.). 2008. map 55. ISBN 978-0-7319-2048-8.
  9. ^ King, R. E. 1984, pp. 9.
  10. ^ King, R. E. 1984, pp. 15.
  11. ^ a b c d King, R. E. 1984, pp. 1–2.
  12. ^ Curnow, Jenifer (1996). Inventory to the Papers of George Samuel Graham (PDF). ISBN 0-908623-40-2.
  13. ^ a b c Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 3.
  14. ^ a b Te Kawerau ā Maki; The Trustees of Te Kawerau Iwi Settlement Trust; The Crown (12 December 2013). "Deed of Settlement Schedule: Documents" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Lutz, Heike; Chan, Theresa (2011). North Shore heritage – North Shore area studies and scheduled items list: volume 2 parts 6+ (PDF). Heritage Consultancy Services (Report). Auckland Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  16. ^ Judge, Charlotte; Burnett, Zarah; Clough, Rod (March 2016). North Harbour 2 Watermain and Northern Interceptor Shared Corridor: Preliminary Archaeological Assessment (Technical Report I) (Report). Watercare Services. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  17. ^ Simmons, D. R. (1979). "George Graham's Maori Place Names of Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 16: 11–39. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906272. Wikidata Q58677091.
  18. ^ Simmons, D. R. (1979). "George Graham's Maori Place Names of Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 16: 11–39. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906272. Wikidata Q58677091.
  19. ^ Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (3 March 2017). "Hauraki tribes - The first tribes". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  20. ^ Woodruffe, Paul; Henderson, Ian; Erl, Ilse Marie; Gamble, Simon (2011). "The Old North Shore:A Heritage Walkway, Rahopara Pa to Campbells Bay Beach" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  21. ^ Gaylard, Doug; Clough, Rod (March 2020). 473 Albany Highway, Albany: Archaeological Assessment (PDF). Clough & Associates (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  22. ^ Trilford, Danielle; Campbell, Matthew (30 July 2018). Long Bay Regional Park Northern Entrance, archaeological investigations (HNZPTA authority 2016/575) (PDF) (Report). CFG Heritage Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  23. ^ Ngāti Manuhiri; The Crown (21 May 2011). "Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims" (PDF). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  24. ^ Patterson, Malcolm (21 March 2008). "Ngati Whatua o Orakei Heritage Report for State Highway 20; Transit Manukau Harbour Crossing" (PDF). Environmental Protection Authority. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  25. ^ Taua 2009, pp. 40.
  26. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 4.
  27. ^ a b King, R. E. 1984, pp. 103.
  28. ^ a b Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 4–5.
  29. ^ a b Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 7.
  30. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 11.
  31. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 19.
  32. ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 43.
  33. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 14.
  34. ^ a b Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 15.
  35. ^ Thematic Heritage Overview: AGRICULTURE/horticulture/undeveloped land/public open space 1960 - PRESENT (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  36. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 27.
  37. ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 96.
  38. ^ a b Heritage Consultancy Services (1 July 2011). North Shore Heritage - Thematic Review Report Volume 1 (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. ISBN 978-1-927169-21-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  39. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 28.
  40. ^ Verran, David 2010, pp. 257.
  41. ^ Dunmore, John 2001, pp. 22.
  42. ^ a b "North Shore district plan text". Auckland Council. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  43. ^ a b c "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Greenhithe West (118900), Greenhithe East (119100) and Greenhithe South (119400).
  44. ^ Upper Harbour Greenways Plan (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. September 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  45. ^ Reidy, Jade (2009). "How the West Was Run". In Macdonald, Finlay; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere. Random House. pp. 238–239. ISBN 9781869790080.
  46. ^ Adam, Jack; Burgess, Vivien; Ellis, Dawn (2004). Rugged Determination: Historical Window on Swanson 1854-2004. Swanson Residents and Ratepayers Association Inc. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-476-00544-2.
  47. ^ "Cities of Takapuna and Waitemata (Upper Harbour Bridge) Empowering Act 1976". New Zealand Government. 27 October 1976. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  48. ^ McClure, Margaret (6 December 2007). "Auckland places - The North Shore". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  49. ^ Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572. ISSN 2324-1101.
  50. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Greenhithe West
  51. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Greenhithe East
  52. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Greenhithe South
  53. ^ "Greenhithe Residents Association". Greenhithe Residents Association. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  54. ^ "Greenhithe West Path". Auckland Council. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  55. ^ Bond, Sophie; Blizard, Kellie (12 August 2010). "Rowers on the skids". Aucklander North Shore. National Library of New Zealand. p. 11. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  56. ^ "Auckland Council District Plan (North Shore Section) Proposed Plan Change 38" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  57. ^ "Wainoni Park North". Auckland Council. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  58. ^ a b Growing Up Not Growing Old: a Park Redeveloped to Cater for Growth (PDF) (Report). Auckland Design Manual. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  59. ^ "Club Grounds". Greenhithe FC. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  60. ^ a b "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  61. ^ Education Counts: Greenhithe School
  62. ^ Lutz, Heike; Chan, Theresa (2011). "Albany and East Coast Bays" (PDF). North Shore Heritage: Thematic Review Report. Vol. 2. p. 409. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  63. ^ Education Counts: Upper Harbour Primary School
  64. ^ "Welcome to Upper Harbour School". Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  65. ^ Hunt, Tom (4 November 2015). "Flashback: KidsCan - it started with a Vegemite sandwich". Stuff. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  66. ^ Alderson, Andrew (10 February 2018). "Commonwealth Games: Siblings set to soar on the Gold Coast". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

Bibliography

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