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Green exercise

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Green exercise refers to physical exercise undertaken in natural environments.[1][2] Physical exercise is well known to provide physical and psychological health benefits. There is also good evidence that viewing, being in, and interacting with natural environments has positive effects, reducing stress and increasing the ability to cope with stress, reducing mental fatigue and improving concentration and cognitive function.[3][4] The concept of green exercise has therefore grown out of well-established areas such as the attention restoration theory within environmental psychology which have tended to focus on the psychological and physical effects of viewing nature (e.g., see the work of Kaplan and Ulrich) and well-recognised work about the psychological benefits of physical exercise.

Green exercise refers to physical exercise which takes place in relatively natural places.

The potential role of green exercise in physical and mental health (e.g., due to nature-deficit disorder) attracted increasing attention from the early twenty-first century,[5][failed verification] particularly through the research work of Jules Pretty and Jo Barton at the University of Essex.[2][6][7][8] and several funded programs (see examples). Research has involved participants from many different cohorts including adults, young people and vulnerable groups such as those with mental illness (see research).

Theory

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Green exercise can be usefully considered from a number of theoretical perspectives including:

Research

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Adults

Research examining the impact of green exercise in adults has demonstrated significant benefits for self-esteem and mood.[2][6][8] The largest study of green exercise in adults involved meta-analytic methodologies to analyse the results of 10 studies based on 1252 green exercise participants.[8] Results indicated that "the overall effect size for improved self-esteem was d = 0.46 (CI 0.34−0.59, p < 0.00001) and for mood d = 0.54 (CI 0.38−0.69, p < 0.00001). Dose responses for both intensity and duration showed large benefits from short engagements in green exercise, and then diminishing but still positive returns. The study also revealed that all types of green environment improved self-esteem and mood, however the greatest improvements were experienced from environments where water was present. Similarly all cohorts of participants experienced improvements in self-esteem and mood, however those suffering from mental illness experienced the greatest increases in self-esteem.

Vulnerable groups

The outcomes of the meta-analysis by Barton and Pretty[8] indicated that green exercise may have therapeutic applications. This has led to the idea of Green Care. Green Care comprises all types of therapeutic green exercise activities including social and therapeutic horticulture, animal assisted interventions, ecotherapy,[clarification needed] facilitated green exercise, wilderness therapy and care farming. There has been extensive research into the benefits of these green care interventions. Care farming in particular has been demonstrated to improve self-esteem and mood in those suffering from a variety of mental illnesses,[9] whilst wilderness therapy has been demonstrated to improve self-esteem and psychological health outcomes in youth at risk.[10]

Children

In comparison to research in adults, research in children and young people has indicated that there is no additional benefit of taking part in green exercise for self-esteem or mood.[11][12] These findings can be related to nature deficit disorder whereby children are spending less time outdoors interacting with natural environments. To receive benefits from having contact with nature an individual needs to be connected and feel some emotion towards it,[13] thus it is possible that children are not benefiting from green exercise in the same way as adults because they are not connected to the natural environment in the same way that adults are.[11][12]

Examples

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Instances of green exercise are numerous and diverse. Some examples include:

  1. Natural England is funding eight demonstration green exercise projects through local regional partnerships. The main aim is to increase levels of physical activity and people's connections to their local green spaces.
  2. Green Exercise Partnership between NHS Health Scotland, FCS and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). In partnership with SNH and NHS Health Scotland, the Scottish Government is providing £3 million funding to the Paths for All Partnership between 2007 and 2010 to develop its Paths to Health Initiative, which currently supports over 20,000 people to take part in health walks each week. SNH and Government funding is also being provided to BTCV to extend their green gym project.[14]
  3. Green Gym programs are a type of green exercise. These generally involve organised groups which engage in volunteer environmental restoration work, but which are also specifically designed to provide physical exercise and physical conditioning in the context of experiencing natural environments. An example of such a green gym program are those conducted through the Australian Conservation Foundation which are based on similar programs conducted by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.[15]
  4. Barefoot running is an example of a type of physical exercise (running) which is conducted so as to include a greater degree of contact with the surrounding environment (by going barefoot).
  5. Walk and Talk groups meet regularly for walks in green routes through the countryside, towns and cities following Psychology in the Real World[16] principles as elucidated by Guy Holmes, mental health service user activist Nicki Evans and others.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ MacKay, Graham J.; Neill, James T. (2010). "The effect of 'green exercise' on state anxiety and the role of exercise duration, intensity, and greenness: A quasi-experimental study". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 11 (3): 238–45. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.01.002. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  2. ^ a b c Pretty, Jules; Peacock, Jo; Sellens, Martin; Griffin, Murray (2005). "The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise". International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 15 (5): 319–37. doi:10.1080/09603120500155963. PMID 16416750. S2CID 10078664.
  3. ^ Kaplan R & Kaplan S (1989). The Experience of nature: a psychological perspective" New York: Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Ulrich, R. S. (1981). "Natural Versus Urban Scenes: Some Psychophysiological Effects". Environment and Behavior. 13 (5): 523–56. doi:10.1177/0013916581135001. S2CID 145353028.
  5. ^ Higham, N. (23 May 2008), Putting a spring in your step, BBC
  6. ^ a b Pretty, J.; Peacock, J.; Hine, R.; Sellens, M.; South, N.; Griffin, M. (2007). "Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 50 (2): 211–31. doi:10.1080/09640560601156466. S2CID 54179127.
  7. ^ Neill, J. T. (2009). Green exercise: The psychological effects of exercising in nature. Presentation to the Annual Outdoor Recreation Industry Council Conference, August 15-16, Sydney Archived 2009-08-16 at archive.today.
  8. ^ a b c d Barton, Jo; Pretty, Jules (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis". Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (10): 3947–55. Bibcode:2010EnST...44.3947B. doi:10.1021/es903183r. PMID 20337470. S2CID 1443095.
  9. ^ Hine, Rachel; Peacock, Jo; Pretty, Jules N (2008). "Care Farming in the UK: Contexts, Benefits and Links with Therapeutic Communities". International Journal of Therapeutic Communities. 29 (3).
  10. ^ Wood C, Bragg R & Barton J (2013). The TurnAround 4 Project" Archived 2013-08-28 at the Wayback Machine A report for the Wilderness Foundation
  11. ^ a b Wood, Carly; Angus, Caroline; Pretty, Jules; Sandercock, Gavin; Barton, Jo (2013). "A randomised control trial of physical activity in a perceived environment on self-esteem and mood in UK adolescents" (PDF). International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 23 (4): 311–20. doi:10.1080/09603123.2012.733935. PMID 23075427. S2CID 8733485.
  12. ^ a b Reed, Katharine; Wood, Carly; Barton, Jo; Pretty, Jules N.; Cohen, Daniel; Sandercock, Gavin R. H. (2013). "A Repeated Measures Experiment of Green Exercise to Improve Self-Esteem in UK School Children". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69176. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869176R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069176. PMC 3722246. PMID 23894426.
  13. ^ Bratman, Gregory N.; Hamilton, J. Paul; Daily, Gretchen C. (2012). "The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1249 (1): 118–36. Bibcode:2012NYASA1249..118B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x. PMID 22320203. S2CID 10902404.
  14. ^ Scottish Natural Heritage (2009). Developing the contribution of the natural heritage to a healthier Scotland[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ Green Gym Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine (Australian Conservation Foundation]
  16. ^ Holmes, G. (2010). Psychology in the Real World: Community-based group work. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS. ISBN 978-1-906254131.
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