Greeble (psychology)

For detailing added to break up a surface, see Greeble.

The greebles come in two genders and five families.

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plok
glip

The greebles are artificial objects designed to be used as stimuli in psychological studies of object and face recognition. They were named by the American psychologist Robert Abelson. The greebles were created for Isabel Gauthier's dissertation work at Yale, so as to share constraints with faces: they have a small number of parts in a common configuration. Greebles have appeared in psychology textbooks, and in more than 25 scientific articles on perception. They are often used in mental rotation task experiments.

Twelve undergraduates of Oberlin College were offered participation in the initial facial rotation experiment, wherein they took part in a rigorous training exercise, with the goal being the creation of experts in recognizing greebles. For the second test, the "Brightness-Reversal Test," ten of the original participants were joined with twelve undergraduates of Brown University. 30 greebles were employed in the initial experiment. Each greeble was assigned a meaningless name, each starting with a unique letter. The greebles were viewed on Macintosh computer monitors of 72 pixels per inch. Experimentation was divided into one-hour sessions over the course of two weeks, for a total time of 9 hours. Results found the process of greeble recognition differed from that of facial recognition. Two subjects bearing prosopagnosia proved to be far more capable at the recognition of greebles than human faces, the latter faculty being a severe disability. Consequently, the study evinced questions regarding the mechanisms of human facial recognition, and whether this facility applies to faces alone, or other object classes.

The study is remarkable because Gauthier demonstrated that, after training participants on the many aspects of greebles, the fusiform face area in the participants' brains responded just as well to greebles as it did to human faces. This suggests that people can improve their ability to recognize faces and objects, and that the fusiform face area is not strictly used for recognizing human faces.

References

• Abelson, R. P.; Dasgupta, N.; Park, J.; Banaji, M. R. (1998). "Perceptions of the Collective Other" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2 (4): 243–250. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_2. PMID 15647132. S2CID 10519738.
• Behrmann, M.; Avidan, G.; Leonard, G.L.; Kimchi, R.; Luna, B.; Humphreys, K; Minshew, N. (2006). "Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing" (PDF). Neuropsychologia. 44 (1): 110–129. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.002. PMID 15907952. S2CID 6407530. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
• Behrmann, M.; Marrota, J.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; McKeef, T. J. (2005). "Behavioral change and its neural correlates in visual agnosia after expertise training". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 17 (4): 554–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.631.895. doi:10.1162/0898929053467613. PMID 15829077. S2CID 989799.
• Bukach, C. M.; Bub, D. N.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (2006). "Perceptual expertise effects are not all or none: Spatially limited perceptual expertise for faces in a case of prosopagnosia". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 18 (1): 48–63. doi:10.1162/089892906775250094. PMID 16417682. S2CID 1788147.
• Cox, D.D.; Meier, P.; Oertelt, N.; DiCarlo, J. J. (2005). "'Breaking' position-invariant object recognition" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 8 (9): 1145–1147. doi:10.1038/nn1519. PMID 16116453. S2CID 1291179.
• Duchaine, B. C.; Dingle, K.; Butterworth, E. Nakayama (2004). "Normal greeble learning in a severe case of developmental prosopagnosia" (PDF). Neuron. 43 (4): 469–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.006. PMID 15312646.
• Isabel Gauthier (1998). Dissecting face recognition: The role of expertise and level of categorization in object recognition (Ph.D.). Yale University.
• Gauthier, I.; Behrmann, M.; Tarr, M. J. (2004). "Are Greebles like faces? Using the neuropsychological exception to test the rule" (PDF). Neuropsychologia. 42 (14): 1961–70. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.025. PMID 15381026. S2CID 207234283.
• Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (1997). "Becoming a "Greeble" expert: Exploring mechanisms for face recognition" (PDF). Vision Research. 37 (12): 1673–1682. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00286-6. PMID 9231232.
• Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; Anderson, A.W.; Skudlarski, P.; Gore, J. C. (1999). "Activation of the middle fusiform "face area" increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 2 (6): 568–573. doi:10.1038/9224. PMID 10448223. S2CID 9504895.
• Gauthier, I.; Williams, P.; Tarr, M. J.; Tanaka, J. (1998). "Training "Greeble" experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes" (PDF). Vision Research. 38 (15–16): 2401–2428. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00442-2. PMID 9798007.
• Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (2002). "Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 28 (2): 431–446. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.2.431. PMID 11999864.
• Hoffman, K.L.; Ghazanfar, A.A.; Gauthier, I.; Logothetis, N.K. (2008). "Category-specific responses to faces and objects in primate auditory cortex". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 1: 2. doi:10.3389/neuro.06.002.2007. PMC 2526270. PMID 18958243.
• James, T. W.; Gauthier, I. (2003). "Auditory and action semantic feature types activate sensory-specific perceptual brain regions" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (20): 1792–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.039. PMID 14561404.
• James, T.W.; Shima, D.W.; Tarr, M.J.; Gauthier, I. (2005). "Generating complex three-dimensional stimuli (Greebles) for haptic expertise training" (PDF). Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers. 37 (2): 353–8. doi:10.3758/bf03192703. PMID 16171207.
• Lahaie, A.; Mottron, L.; Arguin, M.; Berthiaume, C.; Jemel, B.; Saumier, D. (2006). "Face perception in high-functioning autistic adults: evidence for superior processing of face parts, not for a configural face-processing deficit". Neuropsychology. 20 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.30. PMID 16460220.
• Palmeri, T. J.; Gauthier, I. (2004). "Visual Object Understanding" (PDF). Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (4): 291–303. doi:10.1038/nrn1364. PMID 15034554. S2CID 9496286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-02.
• Richler, J.J.; Bukach, C.M.; Gauthier, I. (2009). "Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 71 (3): 530–540. doi:10.3758/APP.71.3.530. PMC 3732490. PMID 19304644.
• Richler, J.J.; Tanaka, J.W.; Brown, D.D.; Gauthier, I. (2008). "Why does selective attention to parts fail in face processing?". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 34 (6): 1356–1368. doi:10.1037/a0013080. PMID 18980400.
• Rossion, B.; Gauthier, I; Goffaux, V.; Tarr, M.J.; Crommelinck, M. (2002). "Expertise training with novel objects leads to left lateralized face-like electrophysiological responses". Psychological Science. 13 (3): 250–257. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.20.5865. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00446. PMID 12009046. S2CID 6243772.
• Rossion, B.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M.J.; Despland, P.; Bruyer, R; Linotte, S.; Crommelinck, M. (2000). "The N170 occipito-temporal component is delayed and enhanced to inverted faces but not to inverted objects: an electrophysiological account of face-specific processes in the human brain" (PDF). NeuroReport. 11 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1097/00001756-200001170-00014. PMID 10683832. S2CID 1743543.
• Rossion, B.; Kung, C.C.; Tarr, M. J. (2004). "Visual expertise with nonface objects leads to competition with the early perceptual processing of faces in the human occipitotemporal cortex". PNAS. 42 (14): 1961–70. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114521R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405613101. PMC 521961. PMID 15448209.
• Scherf, K.S.; Behrmann, M.; Minshew, N.; Luna, B. (2008). "Atypical development of face and greeble recognition in autism". Psychiatry. 49 (8): 838–47. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01903.x. PMC 3071970. PMID 18422548.
• Tarr, M. J.; Gauthier, I. (2000). "FFA: A flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 3 (8): 764–769. doi:10.1038/77666. PMID 10903568. S2CID 8355344.
• Vuong, Qc; Peissig, JJ; Harrison, MC; Tarr, MJ (2005). "The role of surface pigmentation for recognition revealed by contrast reversal in faces and Greebles" (PDF). Vision Research. 45 (10): 1213–23. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.015. PMID 15733955.
• Wagar, B. M.; Dixon, M. J. (2005). "Past experience influences object representation in working memory". Brain and Cognition. 57 (3): 248–256. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.054. PMID 15780458. S2CID 40215395.
• Williams, P.; Gauthier, I.; Tarr, M. J. (1998). "Feature learning during the acquisition of perceptual expertise" [Commentary on Schyns, Goldstone & Thibault. The development of features in object concepts]". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 21 (1): 40–41. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98510102. S2CID 143461170.
• Williams Woolley, A.; Richard Hackman, J.; Jerde, T. E.; Chabris, C. F.; Bennett, S. L.; Kosslyn, S. M. (2007). "Using brain-based measures to compose teams: How individual capabilities and team collaboration strategies jointly shape performance" (PDF). Social Neuroscience. 2 (2): 96–105. doi:10.1080/17470910701363041. PMID 18633809. S2CID 14577371. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-18.

External links

• Scott Yu's original Greebles (under the dropdown titled "Novel Objects")