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Government-General of Taiwan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the government rules Taiwan since 1945, see Government of the Republic of China.
Government-General of Taiwan
臺灣總督府
Taiwan Sōtokufu (Japanese)
Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú (Taiwanese)
Seal of the Government-General
Agency overview
Formed8 May 1895 (1895-05-08)
Preceding agency
Dissolved25 October 1945 (1945-10-25)
Superseding agency
Headquarters1 Chōme, Bunbu Chō, Taihoku, Taihoku Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan
(臺北州臺北市文武町一丁目)
Agency executive
Key document
Footnotes
Sometimes also translated to Government of Taiwan, Taiwan Government. The western name Formosa was also used occasionally.[1]
Government of Taiwan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese臺灣總督府
Transcriptions
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳThòi-vân Chúng-tuk-fú
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú
Tâi-lôTâi-uân Tsóng-tok-hú
Japanese name
Kanaたいわんそうとくふ
Kyūjitai臺灣總督府
Shinjitai台湾総督府
Transcriptions
RomanizationTaiwan Sōtokufu

The Government-General of Taiwan (Government of Taiwan, Taiwan Government, Government of Formosa, Japanese: 台湾総督府, Kyūjitai: 臺灣總督府, Hepburn: Taiwan Sōtokufu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú; Tâi-lô: Tâi-uân Tsóng-tok-hú; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ=Thòi-vân Chúng-tuk-fú) was the government that governed Taiwan under Japanese rule between 1895 and 1945.[2]

A 1911 map of Japan, including Taiwan
Official Seal of the Government-General of Taiwan, Empire of Japan
(大日本帝國臺灣總督府之印)

History

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The Government-General of Taiwan was founded on May 10, 1895, two days after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was enforced. It started to rule Taiwan since June 17, 1895 after the Japanese forces took over Taiwan. On August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan, the organizations of Government-General was transformed to the newly established Taiwan Provincial Government and Taiwan Garrison Command. The transformation was completed on February 20, 1946.

Organization and structure

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Governor-General

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See also: Governor-General of Taiwan

The Governor-General of Taiwan (Japanese: 臺灣總督, Hepburn: Taiwan Sōtoku, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Chóng-tok) was the ruler of Taiwan in the Japanese era. The Governor-General was supervised by the Prime Minister of Japan, and then by the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Colonial Affairs. The Governor-General exercised executive, legislative, and judicial powers in Taiwan. The Governor-General was also the commander of the Mixed Brigade of Taiwan Defense until it reorganized to the Taiwan Army under the Imperial Japanese Army in 1919

Chief of General Affairs

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The Chief of General Affairs (Japanese: 總務長官, Hepburn: Sōmu Chōkan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chóng-bū Tiúⁿ-koaⁿ), named Chief of Civil Affairs (Japanese: 民政長官, Hepburn: Minsei Chōkan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bîn-chèng Tiúⁿ-koaⁿ) before 1919, was the primary executor of the policy in Taiwan, and the second most powerful official after the Governor-General.

Internal Departments

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In 1895, the Government-General was founded with three departments: Department of Civil Affairs, Department of Army, Department of Navy. The military departments are to prepare the warfare with the rebellions in Taiwan. The Departments of Army and Navy were soon merged into Department of Military Affairs in 1896. With the Civil-Military divide in the 1910s, the Department of Military Affairs were reorganized as the Taiwan Army Command under Imperial Japanese Army. All bureaus under the Department of Civil Affairs became independents departments under the Government-General, and the Chief of Civil Affairs (then Chief of General Affairs) became a role similar to a head of Government.

At the end of Japanese rule, the Government-General has the following organs.[3][4]

Structure of the Government-General in 1945
Name Kanji Japanese Taiwanese
Secretariat to the Governor-General 總督官房 Sōtoku Kanbō Chóng-tok Koaⁿ-pâng
Department of Education 文教局 Bunkyō Kyoku Bûn-kàu Kio̍k
Department of Finance 財務局 Zaimu Kyoku Châi-bū Kio̍k
Department of Mines and Industry 礦工局 Kōkō Kyoku Khòng-kong Kio̍k
Department of Agriculture and Commerce 農商局 Nōshō Kyoku Lông-siong Kio̍k
Department of Police 警務局 Keimu Kyoku Kéng-bū Kio̍k
Bureau of Foreign Affairs 外事部 Gaiji Bu Gōa-sū Pō͘
Bureau of Judicial Affairs 法務部 Hōmu Bu Hoat-bū Pō͘

External Departments

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There is a large number of external departments of the Government-General. Notable departments are

Local government

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Main article: Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945)

In 1945, Taiwan was divided to 8 prefectures. They are: Taihoku Prefecture, Shinchiku Prefecture, Taichū Prefecture, Tainan Prefecture, Takao Prefecture, Karenkō Prefecture, Taitō Prefecture, and Hōko Prefecture. The prefectures are further divided into 11 cities, 52 districts, and 2 subprefectures.

Governmental buildings

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Main articles: Presidential Office Building (Republic of China) and Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall

After the Treaty of Shimonoseki was enforced from May 8, 1895, the Empire of Japan started to rule Taiwan. In the early years, the Government-General was seated in the former Fukien-Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall build by the Qing Empire in 1892.

The new governmental building was planned in 1907 by the 5th Governor-General Sakuma Samata. Construction began on June 1, 1912, and was completed on March 31, 1919, at a cost of 2.8 million Japanese yen. The new building of the Government-General, now named Presidential Office Building, is still being used as the office of the President of the Republic of China after World War II.

The residence of the Governor-General of Taiwan is known today as Taipei Guest House.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ English translations of the Government of Taiwan
  2. ^ Edward I-te Chen (1970). "Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of The Systems of Political Control". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 30. Harvard-Yenching Institute: 126–158. doi:10.2307/2718768. JSTOR 2718768.
  3. ^ List of Staffs in the Government-General of Taiwan (Academia Sinica)
  4. ^ List of Staffs in the Government-General of Taiwan (National Diet Library)
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