Gouge flap
The Gouge flap, is a type of aircraft flap, which moves on a track when raised or lowered; in level flight. Invented by Arthur Gouge of Short Brothers in 1936, it allows pilots to increase both the wing area and the chord of an aircraft's wing, thereby reducing the stalling speed at a given weight. This provides benefits including a shorter take-off distance for any given load, a shorter distance to achieve a specific height and a lower take-off speed. However, the Gouge flap system, in spite of its use on production aircraft like the Short Sunderland and the Short Stirling, has only been used on aircraft produced by Short Brothers.
Development
[edit]The Gouge flap was patented in 1936, British Patent no. 443,516 being awarded jointly to Short Bros. Ltd. and Arthur Gouge for "Improvements in or connected with Wings for Aircraft, (controller flaps)".[1]
The Gouge flap "consists of a sharp nosed aerofoil, which in the closed position, forms part of the wing profile . The flap tapers with the wing, i.e. the width of the flap at any point is a constant proportion of the wing chord at that point; when open the extended portion also varies with the chord. All sections through the flapped portion of the wing are similar in shape and proportion. The flap moves on tracks, rotating conically about an imaginary axis below the wing, nearly parallel to the trailing edge. When open, the flap increases the wing chord and the wing area."[2]
The British Aeronautical Research Committee's research paper R&M No. 1753 concluded, among other things, that Gouge flaps half and fully open, decreased take-off distance by 14% and 23% respectively and decreased the distance from starting to clearing a "50 ft obstacle" by 21% and 23% respectively. Speed at take-off was "reduced by 3 and 8 m.p.h, respectively."[3]
History
[edit]Short Brothers first installed the Gouge flap on a Scion fitted with the (scaled-down) wings being prepared for the Short Empire flying-boat.[4] The flaps on this aircraft, which was designated 'M.3', were submitted to extensive testing by the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough, their report appearing as R&M No. 1753 (see Bibliography below). Shorts used the Gouge flaps on several successful aircraft types, e.g. the Empire boats,[5] the Short S.26 G-class 'Golden Boats', the Short Sunderland[6] and the Stirling.[7]
When Flight Magazine described the Fowler flap in 1942,[8] the article's subtitle read "An American High-lift Device With Properties Similar to Those of the Better-known British Types", and the Gouge, Handley Page, and Fairey/Youngman flaps were all given equal mention. The Gouge flap, although widely used on Shorts aircraft, was not adopted by other manufacturers, several of which developed their own variants. The Aeronautical Research Council's R&M no. 2622 entitled "The Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flaps" dated 1947 compared many variants but merely mentions the Gouge flap in a footnote on p. 10, where it is described as being "rather like the Blackburn flap ... but with no slot between the flap and wing."[9]
The advantage of the additional lift generated by a slot acted in the Fowler flap's success relative to the Gouge flap, as did its natural tendency to retract itself in flight.[8]
Shorts themselves did not use the Gouge flap on their next project, the Shetland, preferring the use of slotted flaps on this large seaplane.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Cassidy, Flying Empires, 2009, p.9.
- ^ ARC R&M 1753, 1936, p.3.
- ^ ARC R&M 1753, 1936, p.8.
- ^ Barnes & James, 1989, p.290
- ^ Barnes & James, 1989, p.314.
- ^ Eden 2004, p. 442.
- ^ Barnes & James, 1989, p.371.
- ^ a b Flight Magazine, Vol. XLI, Issue 1737, p.353
- ^ ARC R&M 2622, 1947, p.10.
- ^ Barnes & James 1989, p.392.
Bibliography
[edit]- Barnes C.H.; James D.N. (1989). Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.
- Cassidy, Brian (1996). Flying Empires: Short 'C' class Empire flying boats (PDF). Bath, England: Queens Parade P. p. 29. ISBN 978-0952929802. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- Cohen, B.A., B.Sc., J. (1936). "Full Scale Trials on Scion M. 3 with a Gouge Flap" (PDF). Reports & Memoranda (1753). Aeronautical Research Committee, Air Ministry.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Aircraft of WW II (PDF). Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books/Bookmart Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 1-84509-013-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
- Poulsen, C.M., ed. (1942-04-09). "Load, Lift and Landing". Flight Magazine. XLI (1737): 353.
- Young, B.A., A.D. (1947). "The Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flaps" (PDF). Reports & Memoranda (2622). Aeronautical Research Council, Ministry of Supply.