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Gopher (protocol)

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The Gopher protocol (/ˈɡoʊfər/ ⓘ) is a communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.[1][2]

Usage

[edit]

The Gopher protocol was invented by a team led by Mark P. McCahill[3] at the University of Minnesota. It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on the documents it stores. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote text-oriented computer terminals, which were still common at the time of its creation in 1991, and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. More recent[when?] Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia.[citation needed]

  • Firefox 1.5 (2005)
    Firefox 1.5 (2005)

Gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections.[4] The Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and although it has been almost entirely supplanted by the Web, a small population of actively-maintained servers remains.[2]

Origins

[edit]

The Gopher system was released in mid-1991 by Mark P. McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the University of Minnesota in the United States.[5] Its central goals were, as stated in RFC 1436:

  • A file-like hierarchical arrangement that would be familiar to users.
  • A simple syntax.
  • A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively.
  • Extensibility of the file system metaphor; allowing addition of searches for example.

Gopher combines document hierarchies with collections of services, including WAIS, the Archie and Veronica search engines, and gateways to other information systems such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Usenet.

The general interest in campus-wide information systems (CWISs) in higher education at the time,[6] and the ease of setup of Gopher servers to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites' online directories and resources, were the factors contributing to Gopher's rapid adoption.

The name was coined by Anklesaria as a play on several meanings of the word "gopher".[7] The University of Minnesota mascot is the gopher,[8] a gofer is an assistant who "goes for" things, and a gopher burrows through the ground to reach a desired location.[9]

Decline

[edit]

The World Wide Web was in its infancy in 1991, and Gopher services quickly became established.[10] By the late 1990s, Gopher had ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gopher's stagnation:

  • In February 1993, the University of Minnesota announced that it would charge licensing fees for the use of its implementation of the Gopher server.[11][9] Users became concerned that fees might also be charged for independent implementations.[12][13] Gopher expansion stagnated, to the advantage of the World Wide Web, to which CERN disclaimed ownership.[14] In September 2000, the University of Minnesota re-licensed its Gopher software under the GNU General Public License.[15]
  • Gopher client functionality was quickly duplicated by the early Mosaic web browser, which subsumed its protocol.
  • Gopher has a more rigid structure than the free-form HyperText Markup Language (HTML) of the Web. Every Gopher document has a defined format and type, and the typical user navigates through a single server-defined menu system to get to a particular document. This can be quite different from the way a user finds documents on the Web.
  • Failure to follow the open systems model and bad publicity in comparison to the World Wide Web[16]

Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One attempt is The Overbite Project,[17] which hosts various browser extensions and modern clients.

Server census

[edit]
Number of Gopher servers from 2012 to 2022
  • As of 2012, there remained about 160 gopher servers indexed by Veronica-2,[18] reflecting a slow growth from 2007 when there were fewer than 100.[19] They are typically infrequently updated. On these servers Veronica indexed approximately 2.5 million unique selectors. A handful of new servers were being set up every year by hobbyists with over 50 having been set up and added to Floodgap's list since 1999.[20] A snapshot of Gopherspace in 2007 circulated on BitTorrent and was still available in 2010.[21] Due to the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, setting up new servers or adding Gopher support to browsers is often done in a tongue-in-cheek manner, principally on April Fools' Day.[22]
  • In November 2014 Veronica indexed 144 gopher servers,[18] reflecting a small drop from 2012, but within these servers Veronica indexed approximately 3 million unique selectors.
  • In March 2016 Veronica indexed 135 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 4 million unique selectors.
  • In March 2017 Veronica indexed 133 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 4.9 million unique selectors.
  • In May 2018 Veronica indexed 260 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 3.7 million unique selectors.
  • In May 2019 Veronica indexed 320 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 4.2 million unique selectors.
  • In January 2020 Veronica indexed 395 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 4.5 million unique selectors.
  • In February 2021 Veronica indexed 361 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 6 million unique selectors.
  • In February 2022 Veronica indexed 325 gopher servers,[18] within which it indexed approximately 5 million unique selectors.

Technical details

[edit]

The conceptualization of knowledge in "Gopher space" or a "cloud" as specific information in a particular file, and the prominence of the FTP, influenced the technology and the resulting functionality of Gopher.

Gopher characteristics

[edit]

Gopher is designed to function and to appear much like a mountable read-only global network file system (and software, such as gopherfs, is available that can actually mount a Gopher server as a FUSE resource). At a minimum, whatever can be done with data files on a CD-ROM, can be done on Gopher.

A Gopher system consists of a series of hierarchical hyperlinkable menus. The choice of menu items and titles is controlled by the administrator of the server.

Similar to a file on a Web server, a file on a Gopher server can be linked to as a menu item from any other Gopher server. Many servers take advantage of this inter-server linking to provide a directory of other servers that the user can access.

Protocol

[edit]

The Gopher protocol was first described in RFC 1436. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has assigned Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port 70 to the Gopher protocol. The protocol is simple to negotiate, making it possible to browse without using a client.

User request

[edit]

First, the client establishes a TCP connection with the server on port 70, the standard gopher port. The client then sends a string followed by a carriage return followed by a line feed (a "CR + LF" sequence). This is the selector, which identifies the document to be retrieved. If the item selector were an empty line, the default directory would be selected.

Server response

[edit]

The server then replies with the requested item and closes the connection. According to the protocol, before the connection closes, the server should send a full-stop (i.e., a period character) on a line by itself. However, not all servers conform to this part of the protocol and the server may close a connection without returning a final full-stop. The main type of reply from the server is a text or binary resource. Alternatively, the resource can be a menu: a form of structured text resource providing references to other resources.

Because of the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, tools such as netcat make it possible to download Gopher content easily from a command line: 

$ echo jacks/jack.exe | nc gopher.example.org 70 > jack.exe

The protocol is also supported by cURL as of 7.21.2-DEV.[23]

Search request

[edit]

The selector string in the request can optionally be followed by a tab character and a search string. This is used by item type 7.

Source code of a menu

[edit]

Gopher menu items are defined by lines of tab-separated values in a text file. This file is sometimes called a gophermap. As the source code to a gopher menu, a gophermap is roughly analogous to an HTML file for a web page. Each tab-separated line (called a selector line) gives the client software a description of the menu item: what it is, what it is called, and where it leads to. The client displays the menu items in the order that they appear in the gophermap.

The first character in a selector line indicates the item type, which tells the client what kind of file or protocol the menu item points to. This helps the client decide what to do with it. Gopher's item types are a more basic precursor to the media type system used by the Web and email attachments.

The item type is followed by the user display string (a description or label that represents the item in the menu); the selector (a path or other string for the resource on the server); the hostname (the domain name or IP address of the server), and the network port.

All lines in a gopher menu are terminated by "CR + LF".

Example of a selector line in a menu source: The following selector line generates a link to the "/home" directory at the subdomain gopher.floodgap.com, on port 70. The item type of 1 indicates that the linked resource is a Gopher menu itself. The string "Floodgap Home" is what the client will show to the user when visiting the example menu. 

1Floodgap Home	/home	gopher.floodgap.com	70
Item type User display string Selector Hostname Port
1 Floodgap Home /home gopher.floodgap.com 70

Item types

[edit]

In a Gopher menu's source code, a one-character code indicates what kind of content the client should expect. This code may either be a digit or a letter of the alphabet; letters are case-sensitive.

The technical specification for Gopher, RFC 1436, defines 14 item types. The later gopher+ specification defined an additional 3 types.[24] A one-character code indicates what kind of content the client should expect. Item type 3 is an error code for exception handling. Gopher client authors improvised item types h (HTML), i (informational message), and s (sound file) after the publication of RFC 1436. Browsers like Netscape Navigator and early versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer would prepend the item type code to the selector as described in RFC 4266, so that the type of the gopher item could be determined by the url itself. Most gopher browsers still available, use these prefixes in their urls.

Canonical types
0 Text file
1 Gopher submenu
2 CCSO Nameserver
3 Error code returned by a Gopher server to indicate failure
4 BinHex-encoded file (primarily for Macintosh computers)
5 DOS file
6 uuencoded file
7 Gopher full-text search
8 Telnet
9 Binary file
+ Mirror or alternate server (for load balancing or in case of primary server downtime)
g GIF file
I Image file
T Telnet 3270
gopher+ types
: Bitmap image
; Movie file
< Sound file
Non-canonical types
d Doc. Seen used alongside PDF and .doc files
h HTML file
i Informational message, widely used.[25]
p image file "(especially the PNG format)"
r document RTF file ("Rich Text Format")
s Sound file (especially the WAV format)
P PDF (Portable Document Format) file
X XML (Extensible Markup Language) file

Here is an example gopher session where the user requires a gopher menu (/Reference on the first line): 

/Reference
1CIA World Factbook     /Archives/mirrors/textfiles.com/politics/CIA    gopher.quux.org 70
0Jargon 4.2.0   /Reference/Jargon 4.2.0 gopher.quux.org 70      +
1Online Libraries       /Reference/Online Libraries     gopher.quux.org 70     +
1RFCs: Internet Standards       /Computers/Standards and Specs/RFC      gopher.quux.org 70
1U.S. Gazetteer /Reference/U.S. Gazetteer       gopher.quux.org 70      +
iThis file contains information on United States        fake    (NULL)  0
icities, counties, and geographical areas.  It has      fake    (NULL)  0
ilatitude/longitude, population, land and water area,   fake    (NULL)  0
iand ZIP codes. fake    (NULL)  0
i       fake    (NULL)  0
iTo search for a city, enter the city's name.  To search        fake    (NULL) 0
ifor a county, use the name plus County -- for instance,        fake    (NULL) 0
iDallas County. fake    (NULL)  0

The gopher menu sent back from the server, is a sequence of lines each of which describes an item that can be retrieved. Most clients will display these as hypertext links, and so allow the user to navigate through gopherspace by following the links.[5] This menu includes a text resource (itemtype 0 on the third line), multiple links to submenus (itemtype 1, on the second line as well as lines 4–6) and a non-standard information message (from line 7 on), broken down to multiple lines by providing dummy values for selector, host and port.

[edit]

Historically, to create a link to a Web server, "GET /" was used as a pseudo-selector to emulate an HTTP GET request.[26] John Goerzen created an addition[27] to the Gopher protocol, commonly referred to as "URL links", that allows links to any protocol that supports URLs. For example, to create a link to http://gopher.quux.org/, the item type is h, the display string is the title of the link, the item selector is "URL:http://gopher.quux.org/", and the domain and port are that of the originating Gopher server (so that clients that do not support URL links will query the server and receive an HTML redirection page).

Gopher+

[edit]

Gopher+ is a forward compatible enhancement to the Gopher protocol. Gopher+ works by sending metadata between the client and the server. The enhancement was never widely adopted by Gopher servers.[28][29][30] The client sends a tab followed by a +. A Gopher+ server will respond with a status line followed by the content the client requested. An item is marked as supporting Gopher+ in the Gopher directory listing by a tab + after the port (this is the case of some of the items in the example above).

Other features of Gopher+ include:

  • Item attributes, which can include the items
    • Administrator
    • Last date of modification
    • Different views of the file, like PostScript or plain text, or different languages
    • Abstract, or description of the item
  • Interactive queries

Client software

[edit]

Gopher clients

[edit]

These are clients, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access gopher resources.

Client Updated License Language Type Notes
ACID 2021 ? C GUI (Windows) Supports page cache, TFTP and has G6 extension.
Bombadillo 2022 GPLv3 Go TUI (Linux, BSD, macOS) Supports Gopher, Gemini, Finger
cURL 2024 C CLI
elpher 2022 GPLv3 Emacs Lisp TUI/GUI Elpher: a gopher, finger, and gemini client for GNU Emacs
eva 2022 GPLv3 Rust GUI Eva (as in extra vehicular activity, or spacewalk) is a Gemini and Gopher protocol browser in GTK 4.
Gopher Browser 2019 Closed source VB.NET GUI (Windows)
Gopher Client 2018 App (iOS)[31] Supports text reflow, bookmarks, history, etc.
gophercle 2022 MIT Java App (Android) Supports only basic functionalities like bookmarks, session-history, downloads, etc.
Gopherus 2020 BSD 2-clause C TUI (Linux, BSD, Windows, DOS) Features bookmarks and page caching.
Gophie 2020 GPLv3 Java GUI (Windows, MacOS, Linux)
Kristall 2020 GPLv3 C++ GUI (Linux) Gemini GUI client with support for Gopher, Finger, and www.
Lagrange 2022 BSD 2-clause C GUI Gemini GUI client with Gopher and finger support. Switches to gophermap/type 1 requests in parent/root navigation.[32]
Little Gopher Client 2019 Pascal Linux, Mac, Windows Sidebar with a hierarchical view
ncgopher 2022 BSD 2-clause Rust TUI ncgopher is a gopher and gemini client using ncurses.
Pocket Gopher 2019 Unlicense Java App (Android) Supports bookmarks, history, downloads, etc.
sacc 2022 C TUI sacc(omys) is a terminal gopher client.
snarf 2020 GPL C CLI Simple Non-interactive All-purpose Resource Fetcher
w3m 2021 MIT C TUI w3m is a text-based web browser

Other clients

[edit]

Clients like web browsers, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access World Wide Web resources, but which maintain(ed) gopher support.

  • Browse, a browser for RISC OS
  • Camino, versions 1.0 to 2.1.2, always uses port 70.
  • Classilla, versions 9.0 to 9.3.4b1 as of March 2021, hardcoded to port 70 from 9.0 to 9.2; whitelisted ports from 9.2.1
  • Dillo+
  • Dooble
  • ELinks, versions 0.10.0[33] to 0.12pre6 as of October 2012, unmaintained browser with gopher build option. Fork felinks[34] offers support as a build option
  • Edbrowse, a line-oriented editor and browser with an interface like that of ed (text editor)
  • Falkon, with plug-in only, requires Falkon ≥ 3.1.0 with both the KDE Frameworks Integration extension (shipped with Falkon ≥ 3.1.0) enabled and the (separate) kio_gopher plug-in[35] ≥ 0.1.99 (first release for KDE Frameworks 5) installed
  • Mozilla Firefox versions 0.1 to 3.6, built-in support dropped from Firefox 4.0 onwards;[36] can be added back by installing one of the extensions by the Overbite Project[17]
  • Galeon version 2.0.7
  • Google Chrome, with extension only,[37] Burrow extension[38]
  • Internet Explorer for Mac version 5.2.3, PowerPC-only
  • Internet Explorer, dropped with version 6: Support removed by MS02-047 from IE 6 SP1 can be re-enabled in the Windows Registry.[39] Always uses port 70. Gopher support was disabled in Internet Explorer versions 5.x and 6 for Windows in August 2002 by a patch meant to fix a security vulnerability in the browser's Gopher protocol handler to reduce the attack surface which was included in IE6 SP1; however, it can be re-enabled by editing the Windows registry. In Internet Explorer 7, Gopher support was removed on the WinINET level.[40]
  • K-Meleon, dropped support
  • Konqueror, with plug-in only, requires kio_gopher plug-in[35]
  • Line Mode Browser, since version 1.1, January 1992
  • Lynx
  • Mosaic, version 3.0
  • NetSurf, under development, based on the cURL fetcher
  • Netscape Navigator, version 9.0.0.6
  • OmniWeb, since version 5.9.2 (April 2009), first WebKit Browser to support Gopher[41][42]
  • Opera, Opera 9.0 included a proxy capability
  • Pavuk, a web mirror (recursive download) software program
  • SeaMonkey, version 1.0 to 2.0.14, built-in support dropped from version 2.1 onward; could be added back to some versions via Overbite project,[17] but no longer supported.
  • Epiphany, until version 2.26.3, disabled with switch to WebKit
  • WebPositive, a WebKit-based browser used in the Haiku operating system
  • libwww, versions 1.0c (December 1992) to 5.4.1 December 2006, libwww is a discontinued API for internet applications. A modern fork is maintained in Lynx

Browsers with no Gopher native support can still access servers using one of the available Gopher to HTTP gateways or proxy server that converts Gopher menus into HTML; known proxies are the Floodgap Public Gopher proxy and Gopher Proxy. Similarly, certain server packages such as GN and PyGopherd have built-in Gopher to HTTP interfaces. Squid Proxy software gateways any gopher:// URL to HTTP content, enabling any browser or web agent to access gopher content easily.

For Mozilla Firefox and SeaMonkey, Overbite[17] extensions extend Gopher browsing and support the current versions of the browsers (Firefox Quantum v ≥57 and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey):

  • OverbiteWX redirects gopher:// URLs to a proxy;
  • OverbiteNX adds native-like support;
  • for Firefox up to 56.*, and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey, OverbiteFF adds native-like support, but it is no longer maintained

OverbiteWX includes support for accessing Gopher servers not on port 70 using a whitelist and for CSO/ph queries. OverbiteFF always uses port 70. For Chromium and Google Chrome, Burrow[38] is available. It redirects gopher:// URLs to a proxy. In the past an Overbite proxy-based extension for these browsers was available but is no longer maintained and does not work with the current (>23) releases.[17] For Konqueror, Kio gopher[43] is available.

As the bandwidth-sparing simple interface of Gopher can be a good match for mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs),[44] the early 2010s saw a renewed interest in native Gopher clients for popular smartphones.

Gopher popularity was at its height at a time when there were still many equally competing computer architectures and operating systems. As a result, there are several Gopher clients available for Acorn RISC OS, AmigaOS, Atari MiNT, Conversational Monitor System (CMS), DOS, classic Mac OS, MVS, NeXT, OS/2 Warp, most Unix-like operating systems, VMS, Windows 3.x, and Windows 9x. GopherVR was a client designed for 3D visualization, and there is even a Gopher client in MOO.[45][46] Most such clients are hard-coded to work on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port 70.[47]

Server software

[edit]

Because the protocol is trivial to implement in a basic fashion, there are many server packages still available, and some are still maintained.

Server Developed by Latest version Release date License Written in Notes
Aftershock Rob Linwood 1.0.1 22 April 2004 MIT Java
Apache::GopherHandler Timm Murray 0.1 26 March 2004 GPLv2 or any later version Perl Apache 2 plugin to run Gopher-Server.
Atua Charles Childers 2017.4 9 October 2017 ISC Forth
Bucktooth (gopher link) (proxied link) Cameron Kaiser 0.2.10 10 February 2024 Floodgap Free Software License Perl
Flask-Gopher Michael Lazar 2.2.1 11 April 2020 GPLv3 Python
geomyid Quinn Evans 0.0.1 10 August 2015 BSD 2-clause Common Lisp
geomyidae (gopher link) (proxied link) Christoph Lohmann 0.96 26 August 2022 MIT C REST dynamic scripting, gopher TLS support, compatibility layer for other gophermaps
GoFish Sean MacLennan 1.2 8 October 2010 GPLv2 C
go-gopher James Mills 31 March 2022 MIT Go
Gopher-Server Timm Murray 0.1.1 26 March 2004 GPLv2 Perl
Gophernicus Kim Holviala and others 3.1.1 3 January 2021 BSD 2-clause C
gophrier Guillaume Duhamel 0.2.3 29 March 2012 GPLv2 C
Goscher Aaron W. Hsu 8.0 20 June 2011 ISC Scheme
mgod Mate Nagy 1.1 29 January 2018 GPLv3 C
Motsognir Mateusz Viste 1.0.13 8 January 2021 MIT C extensible through custom gophermaps, CGI and PHP scripts
Pituophis dotcomboom 1.1 16 May 2020 BSD 2-clause Python Python-based Gopher library with both server and client support
PyGopherd Michael Lazar 3.0.1 25 February 2024 GPLv2 Python Also supports HTTP, WAP, and Gopher+
Redis Salvatore Sanfilippo 6.2.5 21 July 2021 3-clause BSD C Support removed in version 7[48]
save_gopher_server SSS8555 0.777 7 July 2020 ? Perl with G6 extension and TFTP
Spacecookie Lukas Epple 1.0.0.0 17 March 2021 GPLv3 Haskell
Xylophar Nathaniel Leveck 0.0.1 15 January 2020 GPLv3 FreeBASIC

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Carlson, Scott (5 September 2016). "How Gopher Nearly Won the Internet". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  2. ^ a b Barras, Colin (12 March 2009). "How Moore's Law saved us from the Gopher web". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  3. ^ Mark P. McCahill interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
  4. ^ Suzan D. McGinnis (2001). Electronic collection management. Routledge. pp. 69–72. ISBN 0-7890-1309-6.
  5. ^ a b December, John; Randall, Neil (1994). The World Wide Web unleashed. Sams Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 1-57521-040-1.
  6. ^ "PAPER: Topics". Newsgroup: bit.listserv.cwis-l. 12 January 1992. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  7. ^ Mark McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria. "Smart Solutions: Internet Gopher" (Flash). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Media Mill. Event occurs at 2:40. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. McCahill credits Anklesaria with naming Gopher
  8. ^ "Gophersports.com – Official Web Site of University of Minnesota Athletics". Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  9. ^ a b Gihring, Tim (11 August 2016). "The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol". minnpost.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  10. ^ Gregersen, Erik; Featherly, Kevin (11 May 2016). "ARPANET". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Subject: University of Minnesota Gopher software licensing policy". Funet.fi. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  12. ^ JQ Johnson (25 February 1993). "gopher licensing". Newsgroup: comp.infosystems.gopher. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  13. ^ Joel Rubin (3 March 1999). "CW from the VOA server page". Newsgroup: rec.radio.shortwave. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  14. ^ Johan Söderberg (2007). Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-415-95543-0.
  15. ^ "UMN Gopher(d) released under the GPL!". Newsgroup: comp.infosystems.gopher. 1 September 2000. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  16. ^ Christopher (Cal) Lee (23 April 1999). "Where Have all the Gophers Gone? Why the Web beat Gopher in the Battle for Protocol Mind Share".
  17. ^ a b c d e "The Overbite Project". Floodgap. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Floodgap Gopher-HTTP gateway gopher://gopher/0/v2/vstat". Gopher.floodgap.com. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  19. ^ Kaiser, Cameron (19 March 2007). "Down the Gopher Hole". TidBITS. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  20. ^ "This is a Gopher link". gopher.floodgap.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011.
  21. ^ "Download A Piece of Internet History". The Changelog. 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  22. ^ "Release Notes – OmniWeb 5 – Products". The Omni Group. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011. OmniWeb 5.9.2 Released 1 April 2009: Implemented ground-breaking support for the revolutionary Gopher protocol—a first for WebKit-based browsers! For a list of Gopher servers, see the Floodgap list. Enjoy!. The same text appears in the 5.10 release of 27 August 2009 further down the page, copied from the 5.9.2 unstable branch. The Floodgap list referred to is at Floodgap: new Gopher servers and does not itself refer to April Fools' Day.
  23. ^ "Curl: Re: Gopher patches for cURL (includes test suite)". curl-library (Mailing list). 25 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Gopher+ protocol specification". GitHub.
  25. ^ "Directory entry says what? Current Gopher type field types". 5 March 2019.
  26. ^ "Gopher in the World-Wide Web". Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  27. ^ "Gopher: gopher.2002-02". gopher (Mailing list). Gopher.quux.org. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  28. ^ Mešnjak, Matjaž (16 February 2009). "Re: New Gopher server and client". Newsgroup: gmane.network.gopher.general. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  29. ^ JumpJet Mailbox (14 January 2008). "Re: Server Contact Information". Newsgroup: gmane.network.gopher.general. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  30. ^ P. Hoffman (November 2005). The gopher URI Scheme. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4266. RFC 4266. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 1738.
  31. ^ Charles Childers. "Gopher Client on the App Store". iTunes. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
  32. ^ skyjake (24 January 2022). "v1.10.2". gemini/lagrange. Gitea. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023.
  33. ^ Fonseca, Jonas (24 December 2004). "[ANNOUNCE] ELinks-0.10.0 (Thelma)". elinks-users (Mailing list). Linux From Scratch. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  34. ^ asakura42; rkd77 (5 March 2021). "What advantages does Elinks have over the current original version of Links?". rkd77/elinks. GitHub. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023.
  35. ^ a b "Kio gopher". KDE UserBase Wiki. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  36. ^ Strong, Robert; et al. (14 July 2007). "Bug 388195 – Remove gopher protocol support for Firefox". Bugzilla. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  37. ^ hotaru.firefly; et al. (2 May 2009). "Issue 11345: gopher protocol doesn't work". Issues - chromium. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  38. ^ a b "Burrow: Gopherspace Explorer for Chrome". Chrome Web Store. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  39. ^ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-047". Microsoft. 28 February 2003. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  40. ^ "Release Notes for Internet Explorer 7". Microsoft. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  41. ^ Sharps, Linda (1 April 2009). "OmniWeb 5.9.2 now includes Gopher support". The Omni Group. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  42. ^ "A comprehensive list of changes for each version of OmniWeb". The Omni Group. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
  43. ^ "Kio gopher". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  44. ^ Lore Sjöberg (12 April 2004). "Gopher: Underground Technology". Wired News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  45. ^ Riddle, Prentiss (13 April 1993). "GopherCon '93: Internet Gopher Workshop and Internet Gopher Conference". PrentissRiddle.com. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  46. ^ Masinter, L.; Ostrom, E. (June 1993). "Collaborative information retrieval: Gopher from MOO" (PDF). The Proceedings of INET. Vol. 93.
  47. ^ Anklesaria, Farhad; McCahill, Mark P; Lindner, Paul; Johnson, David; Torrey, Daniel; Alberti, Bob (March 1993). The Internet Gopher Protocol (a distributed document search and retrieval protocol). Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1436. RFC 1436. Informational.
  48. ^ "Remove gopher protocol support. By yoav-steinberg · Pull Request #9057 · redis/Redis". GitHub.
  49. ^ "The lowdown on Archie, Gopher, Veronica and Jughead".
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