Glochidion ferdinandi
| Glochidion ferdinandi | |
|---|---|
| |
| Habit | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Phyllanthaceae |
| Genus: | Glochidion |
| Species: | G. ferdinandi
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| Binomial name | |
| Glochidion ferdinandi | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Glochidion ferdinandi, with common names that include cheese tree (see below), is a species of small to medium–sized trees, constituting part of the plant family Phyllanthaceae. They grow naturally across eastern Australia, from south–eastern New South Wales northwards to northern and inland Queensland, in rainforests and humid eucalypt forests. Frugivorous birds such as pigeons, figbirds and parrots consume its fruit. The tree roots and branches are toxic to dogs, causing liver failure and death.
Description
[edit]
It grows as a woody shrub or small tree to 8 metres (26 ft), although occasionally reaching 30 metres (98 ft), with flaky brownish-grey bark. It has simple alternate-arranged elliptical leaves 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) in length and 1.5–4 centimetres (0.59–1.57 in) wide; the species may be partly deciduous in winter. Flowering may occur at any time of year; the cheese tree has both single female and male flowers, which are found in groups of three. Both sexes are green-yellow, with the male flowers about 0.7 cm and the female 0.5 cm in diameter. The most notable feature are the small pumpkin-shaped fruit, which are green at first before turning shades of white and pink. Divided into segments radially, they eventually split open to reveal bright red 0.5 cm seeds from November to April.[3][4]
Taxonomy and naming
[edit]
The name "cheese tree" comes from its fruit's resemblance to small cheese wheels.[4] Other common names include water gum, button wood, pencil cedar, and jow-war.[1]
The species was originally described by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1865 as Phyllanthus ferdinandi before being given its current binomial name by Frederick Manson Bailey in 1902. Its specific epithet honours Victorian State Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller.[3] Note that the specific name is spelled with a single or double "i" by various sources.
An uncommon variety, pubens, known as the hairy cheese tree, is smaller, with leaves and fruit finely hairy.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The cheese tree grows in both clay and sandy soils, and is found in rainforest and wetter areas in sclerophyll forest, where it may be associated with such species as bangalay (Eucalyptus botryoides), woollybutt (E. longifolia), forest red gum (E. tereticornis) thin-leaved stringybark (E. eugenioides) and swamp she-oak (Casuarina glauca).[5] The hairy cheese tree grows with magenta lilly pilly (Syzygium paniculatum), broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), and Rhodomyrtus species.[5]
It is found from central Queensland to the vicinity of Ulladulla (35° S) in southern New South Wales.[3]
Ecology
[edit]The fruits are eaten by several bird species, including the Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti), Lewin's honeyeater, (Meliphaga lewinii), olive-backed oriole (Oriolus sagittatus), white-headed pigeon (Columba leucomela),[6] topknot pigeon (Lopholaimus antarcticus), brown cuckoo-dove (Macropygia phasianella), and Australian king parrot (Alisterus scapularis).[7] The pied currawong (Strepera graculina) also eats the fruit but regurgitates them, while new leafy growth is eaten by the rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus).[5] It also serves as food for the larvae of the shining pencil-blue (Candalides helenita),[8] and the shining- or common oak-blue (Arhopala micale).[9]
The ladybird Scymnodes lividigaster feeds on the aphid Aphis eugeniae, which feeds on the cheese tree.[10]
Glochidion ferdinandi presumably is dependent on leafflower moths (Epicephala spp.) for its pollination, like other species of tree in the genus Glochidion.[11] Leafflower moths, including the species Epicephala colymbetella, have been collected from fruit of this species.[12][13] Although leafflower moths actively pollinate Glochidion flowers, the adult moths also lay eggs inside the flowers, where their caterpillars later consume a subset of the developing seeds in the fruit. G. ferdinandi is unusual (although not unique) among species of Glochidion in that the fruit contain empty carpel chambers within which E. colymbetella caterpillars pupate, and adult moths emerge.[14][12]
Glochidion ferdinandi is a long-lived species which may live for 60 years or more. It may sucker or resprout after bushfire. Seeds take 1–4 months to germinate.[5]
Cultivation
[edit]It is an easily grown pioneer species useful in bush regeneration and natural landscaping of areas to which it is native in eastern Australia. The species may colonise disturbed areas, and is a fast-growing plant. Plants require ample water but adapt to a wide range of soils and sun or shade.[3] It can be grown as an indoor plant in a bright position.[15]
Uses
[edit]The dried fruits, which resemble miniature pumpkins, are found in potpourri and sold as "putka pods".[16]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b "Glochidion ferdinandi (Muell.Arg.) F.M.Bailey". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ "Oldstyle id: 969cefcef6d2e2418a0e5fd04241e7c6". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.
- ^ a b c d Eliot R. W.; Jones D. L.; Blake T. (1986). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 4 (Eu-Go). Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. pp. 365–66. ISBN 0-85091-589-9.
- ^ a b Fairley A.; Moore P. (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.
- ^ a b c d Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1995). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species:Part 3:Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomatiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 4 (2): 217–431. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ Floyd, A. G. (1989). Rainforest trees of mainland south-eastern Australia. Sydney: Inkata Press. ISBN 0-909605-57-2.
- ^ Barker, R. D.; Vestkens, W. J. M. (1989). Food of Australian Birds: Volume 1 Non-Passerines. CSIRO Publishing.
- ^ Braby, Michael F. (2005). The Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 258. ISBN 0-643-09027-4.
- ^ Braby, p. 232
- ^ Anderson J. M. E. (1982). "Seasonal Habitat Utilization and Food of the Ladybirds Scymnodes Lividigaster (Mulsant) and Leptothea Galbula (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 30 (1): 59–70. doi:10.1071/ZO9820059. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003) "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267
- ^ a b Turner, A. J. (1940) "A revision of the Australian Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)." Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. 64: 50–69.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Takimura, A.; Terachi,, T.; Sota, T.; Kato, M. (2004) "Cospeciation analysis of an obligate pollination mutualism: haveGlochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and pollinating Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) diversified in parallel?" Evolution. 58: 2201–2214.
- ^ Turner, A. J. (1913) "Studies in Australian Microlepidoptera." Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 38: 174–228.
- ^ Ratcliffe, David & Patricia (1987). Australian Native Plants for Indoors. Crows Nest, NSW: Little Hills Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-949773-49-2.
- ^ http://idtools.org/id/dried_botanical/factsheet.php?name=Glochidion ferdinandi