Girouard v. United States

Girouard v. United States
Girouard v. United States
	Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 4, 1946; Decided April 22, 1946
Full case name	James Girouard v. United States
Citations	328 U.S. 61 (more) 66 S. Ct. 826; 90 L. Ed. 1084; 1946 U.S. LEXIS 2499
Holding
	Religious pacifism is not a reason to deny a foreigner citizenship.
Court membership
	Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone Associate Justices Hugo Black · Stanley F. Reed; Felix Frankfurter · William O. Douglas; Frank Murphy · Robert H. Jackson; Wiley B. Rutledge · Harold H. Burton
Case opinions
Majority	Douglas, joined by Black, Murphy, Rutledge, Burton
Dissent	Stone, joined by Reed, Frankfurter
	Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
	War Powers Act of 1941, The Nationality Act of 1940
	This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
	United States v. Schwimmer (1929)

Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States. It concerned a pacifist applicant for naturalization who in the interview declared not to be willing to fight for the defense of the United States. The case questioned a precedent set by United States v. Schwimmer in 1929 that denied an applicant entry to the United States because of her pacifist stance. Girouard v. United States overturned that precedent by voting in favor of James Girouard's religious freedom through allowing him to uphold his Seventh-day Adventist beliefs. Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone died the day of the decision.^[1]^[2]

Background

James Girouard was a Canadian citizen who applied to become an American citizen. When asked if he would fight for the U.S., he responded "No, I am a Seventh-day Adventist." Girouard stated that he believed in the democratic ideal, but asserted that he was an uncompromising pacifist. The response was similar to Rosika Schwimmer's (United States v. Schwimmer) who said, "My cosmic consciousness of belonging to the human family is shared by all those who believe that all human beings are the children of God."

Decision

The Court held 5–3 that citizenship should be allowed. The majority stated that the oath aliens are required to take to become citizens does not require them to bear arms in defense of the United States.^[3] The court also drew support from the War Powers Act of 1941, enacted by Congress in 1942, which relaxed naturalization requirements for aliens who served in the United States Armed Forces during World War II, including those who served in non-combatant roles. The court explained that serving in a combatant role is not the only way to uphold and defend the US Constitution and that Girouard should not be denied citizenship because of his religious pacifism.

Dissent and death of Chief Justice Stone

Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone argued against granting citizenship in his dissent, joined by Justices Reed and Frankfurter. Stone cited the Nationality Act of 1940 and explained that it was the method that Congress chose for determining whether aliens met the requirements to become citizens.^{[citation needed]}

He argued that the War Powers Act of 1942 did not apply in the case because the aliens covered under the 1942 act had already served in the armed forces in defense of the United States, and it was not intended to include those who had not previously rendered military service to the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Stone became ill immediately after reading (or, according to one author, while reading^[4]) his dissenting opinion in open court. The Court went into an immediate recess, and medical assistance was summoned. Stone died later that day at his home in Washington, D.C.^[5]

Notes

Girouard v. United States overturned three previous Supreme Court decisions. They were:

United States v. Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644 (1929)
United States v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931)
United States v. Bland, 283 U.S. 636 (1931)

References

^ Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946).
^ United States v. Girouard – Religious Freedom Page Archived 2010-06-23 at the Wayback Machine. Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved on 2011-03-23.
^ Finch, Roy (May 1946). "Case For Alien Pacifist Won; Supreme Court Awards Citizenship Rights To Canadialn CO" (PDF). The Conscientious Objector. p. 1. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
^ Murphy, The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas, p. 243 (New York: Random House, 2003)
^ "Death Claims Harlan Stone Chief Justice". St. Petersburg Times. April 23, 1946. Retrieved June 1, 2012.

External links

Works related to Girouard v. United States at Wikisource
Text of Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress

[1] Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946).

[2] United States v. Girouard – Religious Freedom Page Archived 2010-06-23 at the Wayback Machine. Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved on 2011-03-23.

[3] Finch, Roy (May 1946). "Case For Alien Pacifist Won; Supreme Court Awards Citizenship Rights To Canadialn CO" (PDF). The Conscientious Objector. p. 1. Retrieved June 9, 2016.

[4] Murphy, The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas, p. 243 (New York: Random House, 2003)

[5] "Death Claims Harlan Stone Chief Justice". St. Petersburg Times. April 23, 1946. Retrieved June 1, 2012.

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