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Gihanga

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This article is about the Rwandan cultural hero. For the town in Burundi, see Gihanga, Burundi. For the commune in Burundi, see Commune of Gihanga.
Gihanga I Ngomijana Minaganza
Mwami (King)
ReignEstimated ;
    • Bronze Age.
BornAfrica
DiedKingdom of Rwanda
BurialUnknown
Buhanga
IssueKanyarwanda I Gahima I
Names
Giganga Ngomijana Minaganza
DynastyBanyiginya
FatherKazi
MotherNyirarukangaga

Gihanga I ("Creator", "Founder") is a Rwandan cultural hero described in oral histories as an ancient king popularly credited with establishing the ancient Kingdom of Rwanda. Gihanga descended from a line of gods Ibimanuka kings headed by Kigwa and introduced foundational elements of the African Great Lakes civilization, including fire, cattle, metalworking, hunting, woodworking, and pottery.[1] He was described as possessing talents in leadership, technology, and spirituality.[2] It is said that Gihanga ruled Rwanda from his palace in the now forest of Buhanga, an area that retained its forbidden and sacred status through the period of colonialism until the new government of Paul Kagame opened it to the public in 2004.[3] No tangible evidence exists - apart from oral myths - to indicate that Gihanga lived,[2] although many Rwandans believe that he once lived .[4]

Legend tells that Gihanga was the product of the marriage of two lineages. The paternal lineage of his great-great-grandfather came from Kigwa ("Descended from Heavens"), who said to have come down to Rwanda from the heavens to form the royal line, while his mother's side descended from an ancestor named Kabeja. This Kabeja was also a son of a god king named Kazigaba who together with his borther Rurenge and sister Nyirankende came to earth to start a civilization. Kazigaba married his sister Nyirankende and gave birth to Kabeja. Gihanga's father, Kazi (also a descended god), was a blacksmith from whom Gihanga learned the art. Over the course of his childhood, he is said to have lived in several locations, including the eastern village of Mubari and his maternal uncles' village of Bugoyi in the northwest. Conjecture and anachronism have dominated the debate of when King Gihanga existed. Predominant colonial-influenced oral accounts set the reign of Gihanga and the establishment of the Kingdom of Rwanda to the 11th century yet modern research and scholars dispute this account as the interpretation of Gihanga's deeds and qualities match those characteristics of kings that lived during the bronze age.[5] His royal Drum was known as Rwoganyanja suggesting that Gihanga's reign may have ushered with the era of Pisces. Rwoganyanja rfers a swimming Fish in Rwandan Ubwiru [Gnosis].


According to Rwanda's oral account, several smaller clans existed during Gihanga's reign. These included those of the Singa, Gesera, Zigaba, Hima, Abamanuka, Abarenge, abanyakimari, abatega and Rubanda clans.[6] Legend states that Gihanga was succeeded by a descendant named Gahima I ,[7] who is said to have unified Gatwa, Gahutu and Gatutsi, the ancestors of the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi castes respectively.[8]

In later periods, a religious practice arose in honor of Gihanga in the northwestern and northern parts of central Rwanda, and was many centuries later re-introduced to the royal court by king Ruganzu Ndori - a remarkable historic king who further strengthened the Nyiginya Kingdom of Rwanda centuries later. Elements of the religion included the fire of Gihanga which was kept continually burning nonstop for centuries at the royal court at a site known as "the place where the cattle are milked". The fire of Gihanga was said to have been continuously burning since Gihanga's reign millennia back. Gihanga's fire was extinguished at the end of the reign of Yuhi V Musinga in 1932 on the orders of a Belgian colonial governor Louis Postiaux. The sending of tributes from the royal court to a site at Muganza in Rukoma suspected to be Gihanga's resting place; and royal court's keeping of a herd of long-horned cattle said to have been descended from Gihanga's own herd. These cattle were managed by the Heka family of the Zigaba clan, who lived near the residence of Gihanga and provided the royal court with some of its most respected and powerful ritualists. Another family of ritualists - the Tega of the Singa clan, similarly drew their prestige from the fact that one of their ancestors, Nyabutege, had reportedly received the principles of the dynastic drum (Kalinga) from Gihanga.[4][6]

Notes

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  1. ^ Herbert, p. 170
  2. ^ a b Adekunle, p. 50
  3. ^ Auzias and Labourdette, p. 120
  4. ^ a b Vansina, pp. 56-57
  5. ^ Auzias and Labourdette, p. 38
  6. ^ a b Ki-Zerbo, p. 207
  7. ^ Vansina, p. 10
  8. ^ Gatwa, p. 17

References

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  • Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313331770.
  • Chrétien, Jean-Pierre; Triaud, Jean-Louis (1999). Histoire D'Afrique: Les Enjeux de Mémoire. Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 9782865379040.
  • Gatwa, Tharcisse (2005). The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises, 1900-1994. Waynesboro, GA: OCMS. ISBN 9781870345248.
  • Herbert, Eugenia (1993). Iron, Gender, and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253208330.
  • Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1997). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520066991.
  • Vansina, Jan (2005). Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299201234.
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