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Gertrude C. Bussey

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Gertrude Bussey
Gertrude Bussey (1936)
Born
Gertrude Carman Bussey

(1888-01-13)January 13, 1888
DiedMarch 12, 1961(1961-03-12) (aged 73)
NationalityAmerican
Alma materBarnard College, Wellesley College, Columbia University, Oxford University, Northwestern University
Occupation(s)Philosopher, Educator
Known forActivism for women's rights, civil liberties, and peace

Gertrude Carman Bussey (January 13, 1888 in New York City[1] – March 12, 1961) was an American academic philosopher and activist for women's rights, civil liberties, and peace.[2][3]

Education and academic career

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Gertrude Bussey, the daughter of Grace Fletcher Bussey and lawyer William George Bussey, was privately educated at several New York preparatory schools.[4]

Bussey first attended Barnard College before graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1908 from Wellesley College. After graduate study at Columbia University in 1908-1909 and teaching at a private school in Bronxville she went on to do further study at Oxford University during 1912-14. She then went to Northwestern University and became, in 1915, its first student to receive a PhD in philosophy.[5] That same year, she was appointed as an instructor of philosophy at Goucher College. She was promoted to full professor in 1921, and became chair of the philosophy department in 1924, a position she held until her retirement in 1953. In 1954, she received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (LHD) from the college.[2]

In 1912, the Open Court Publishing Company produced a French/English version of Man a Machine by Julien Offray de La Mettrie that was founded on Bussey's translation (revised by Mary Whiton Calkins with the help of M. Carret and George Santayana) and included historical and philosophical notes that were condensed and adapted from a thesis on La Mettrie presented by Bussey to Wellesley College.[6][7] It was reprinted in 1927 and 1943.[8] This was the only available English translation of La Mettrie made since 1750[9] and no newer English translation was made available until 1994.[10] Her PhD dissertation, Typical Recent Conceptions of Freedom, of which several chapters were previously published in The Philosophical Review and The Monist, was published in 1917.[11] In the same she discusses various then contemporary naturalistic conceptions of freedom and determinism related to the issue of free will including those of Ernst Haeckel, William James, Henri Bergson and Bernard Bosanquet.[11] Bussey's later articles were concerned with religion.[2]

Activism

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Bussey "demonstrated throughout her life a concern for economic and social justice, peace, and above all, freedom"[12] and was involved with numerous progressive social and political causes. She was, along with Elisabeth Gilman, a co-founder and leader of the Maryland Civil Liberties Committee, which was formed in 1921 in the wake of arrests and deportations of immigrant workers and was later to become a branch of the American Civil Liberties Union.[2][13] She was also involved with the Baltimore Open Forum, the Consumers' League of Maryland, the Baltimore YMCA, and the Church League for Industrial Democracy.[2]

Bussey was however "most completely identified with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[12] (WILPF). She was an original member of WILPF's Baltimore branch and was to serve as its Chairperson. On behalf of WILPF she traveled the Midwest giving lectures about the link between education and war and peace.[3]

At a 1935 lecture in Hagerstown, Maryland, Bussey declared "We must strive to solve the economic and political problems which drive modern countries into war," and that "the world is now engaged in a race between education and death," clarifying, as Eric L. Hamilton put it, "that the solution to war was education and that permanent peace could only be achieved when people had the proper knowledge to see alternatives to war".[3]

"Peace issues discussed with president, Washington, D.C. Sept. 30. Delegation from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom leaving the White House today after discussing peace issues with President Roosevelt. The women plan to campaign during the month of October. In the group, left to right: (front) Miss Dorothy Detzer, recently returned from the world Peace Congress in Brussels; Mrs. Hannah Clothier Hull, President of the League; Dr. Gertrude C. Bussey, of Goucher College; Mrs. Ernest Gruening. Back row, left to right: Mrs. Frank Aydelotte, of Swarthmore, Pa., and Mrs. Mildred S. Olmstead, who just made an expensive trip through the West and Middle West speaking on the need for peace."

On September 30, 1936, she was a member of a WILPF delegation that discussed peace issues with President Roosevelt at the White House.[14] Bussey served as National President of WILPF from May 1939 but as she did not always endorse strict pacifism she resigned her position in 1941 "so a more appropriate leader could take over."[3] Her feeling being that "a forthright pacifist" should hold that position,[15] She did however remain active within WILPF and was elected to the international executive committee as a joint chair in 1946.[16] She also served as Honorary National President from 1960 to 1961.[17]

Bussey died before she could complete her projected 50-year history on the WILPF. It was, however, completed by Margaret Tims and published posthumously as Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1965: A Record of Fifty Years Work'(1965).[3] In 1980, the monograph was reissued by Aiden Press with the title Pioneers for Peace: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915-1965.

In a review prompted by this reissue Francis Early described it as "an important, indeed a crucial book, for anyone interested in the history of the women's peace movement". Early claimed that its authors represented "the best of the tradition of activist-scholars" and had produced a study that "is carefully researched, well written, and imbued with insights gained from first-hand knowledge of events and people".[18]

Legacy

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Following Bussey's death on March 13, 1961, aged 73, which was marked by an obituary in The New York Times,[19] a lectureship was founded in her honor at Goucher College "by the American Civil Liberties Union, the class of 1929 of Goucher, of which she was an honorary member, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom".[12]

The Bussey Society at Northwestern University also host an annual public lecture by a distinguished female philosopher known as the 'Gertrude Bussey Lecture'.[20][5]

Works

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References

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  1. ^ BUSSEY, Gertrude Carman, in Who's Who in America (1926 edition); p. 391
  2. ^ a b c d e Shook, John R. (2005). "Bussey, Gertrude Carman (1888–1961)". In Shook, John R. (ed.). The Dictionary Of Modern American Philosophers. Bristol, Great Britain: Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 339–340. ISBN 1-84371-037-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e Hamilton, Eric L. (2018). "Bussey, Gertrude (1888–1961)". In Hall, Mitchell K. (ed.). Opposition to War: An Encyclopedia of U.S. Peace and Antiwar Movements (Volume 1). Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9781440845208.
  4. ^ Kersey, Ethel M. (1989). Women philosophers : a bio-critical source book. New York : Greenwood Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-313-25720-9.
  5. ^ a b "Northwestern Department of Philosophy WiPhi (Women in Philosophy) homepage". Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  6. ^ Bussey, Gertrude (1912). Man a Machine, by Julien Offroy de la Mende. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co. pp. Front matter.
  7. ^ de Laguna, Grace Andrus (1914). "Review of Man a Machine". The Philosophical Review. 23 (3): 359–360. doi:10.2307/2178631. ISSN 0031-8108. JSTOR 2178631.
  8. ^ Offray de La Mettrie, Julien; Ann Thomson (1996). La Mettrie: Machine Man and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780521478496.
  9. ^ Braudy, Leo (1991). Native Informant: Essays on Film, Fiction, and Popular Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93. ISBN 0195052749. was originally made by Gertrude C. Bussey, but the preface says.
  10. ^ Verbeek, Theo (June 1996). "Reviewed Work: Man a Machine and Man a Plant by Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Richard A. Watson, Maya Ribalka". Isis. 87 (2): 363–364. doi:10.1086/357526. JSTOR 236106.
  11. ^ a b Bussey, Gertrude C. (1917). Typical Recent Conceptions of Freedom. Press of T. Morey & son.
  12. ^ a b c Johnson, Nancy Revelle (1977). "Gertrude Carman Bussey, Fighter for Peace and Freedom". In Helmes, Winifred Gertrude (ed.). Notable Maryland Women. Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 9780870332364.
  13. ^ "ACLU of Maryland. "Highlights of 75 Years of Fighting for Rights in the Free State,"" (PDF). Wayback Machine. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2011.
  14. ^ Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington. "Peace issues discussed with president, Washington, D.C. Sept. 30". Library of Congress. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  15. ^ Brown, Elisabeth Potts; Stuard, Susan Mosher (1989). Witnesses for change : Quaker women over three centuries. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8135-1447-5 – via Internet Archive.
  16. ^ Bussey, Gertrude Carman; Tims, Margaret (1965). Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1965; a record of fifty years' work. Internet Archive. London, Allen & Unwin. p. 188.
  17. ^ "PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBIT: International & U.S. Leaders of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  18. ^ Early, Francis (1987). "Pioneers for Peace: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1915-1965". Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice. 22 (1): 118–120.
  19. ^ "Gertrude C. Bussey Dies at 73; Pacifist Was Goucher Professor". New York Times. March 14, 1961. p. 25.
  20. ^ "Bussey Society (formally known as WiPhi): Department of Philosophy - Northwestern University". philosophy.northwestern.edu. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  21. ^ *free at Internet Archive.
  22. ^ *free at Project Gutenberg
  23. ^ a b c d *free at JSTOR
  24. ^ *free to read online at JSTOR with registration
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