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Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)

Coordinates: 38°54′34″N 77°3′54″W / 38.90944°N 77.06500°W / 38.90944; -77.06500
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"Georgetown, Washington" redirects here. For the Seattle neighborhood, see Georgetown, Seattle.

Georgetown
Neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Top: Riggs Bank (left) and Georgetown University (right); Middle: Washington Harbour; Bottom: Wisconsin Avenue (left) and C&O Canal (right)
Coordinates: 38°54′35″N 77°01′47″W / 38.909644°N 77.029647°W / 38.909644; -77.029647
CountryUnited States
DistrictWashington, D.C.
QuadrantNorthwest
Ward2

Georgetown is a historic neighborhood and commercial district in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 as part of the colonial-era Province of Maryland, Georgetown predated the establishment of Washington, D.C. by 40 years. Georgetown was an independent municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the entire District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in Washington, D.C.

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and Georgetown Park, an enclosed shopping mall. Washington Harbour, which includes waterfront restaurants, is located to the south on K Street between 30th and 31st Streets.

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and other landmarks, including the Old Stone House (1765), the oldest still standing building structure in Washington, D.C., the Volta Bureau for deaf education, the Dumbarton Oaks estate, and a historically significant stretch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

History

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Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel, designed by James Renwick Jr. in 1850, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Old Stone House, built 1765, is the oldest building structure still standing in Washington, D.C.
Georgetown, depicted in 1862, shows the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and Aqueduct Bridge (on right) and an unfinished Capitol dome in the distant background.
Sailing vessels docked at the Georgetown waterfront, c. 1865
Children playing on sidewalk in Georgetown during the Great Depression, photographed by Carl Mydans in 1935
Washington Harbour complex located on the Potomac River with Georgetown University's Healy Hall visible in the background
Dahlgren Chapel at Georgetown University

Located on the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, Georgetown was at the head of navigation on the Potomac River, the farthest point upstream that boats coming from the Atlantic Ocean could navigate.

17th century

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In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented an American Indian village of the Nacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown and established trade there.[1] The area was then part of the Province of Maryland, an English colony.[citation needed]

18th century

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In approximately 1745, George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac River on a site that was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were then constructed around the inspection house, and it quickly became a small community. Georgetown grew as thriving port, facilitating trade and shipments of goods to and from the colonial-era Province of Maryland.[2]

In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres (240,000 m2) of land from Gordon and George Beall for £280.[3] A survey of the town was completed in February 1752.[4]

Georgetown was founded during the reign of King George II, and some speculate that the town was named after him. A second theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall.[5] The Maryland Legislature issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789.[6] Although Georgetown was never officially made a city, it was later referred to as the "City of Georgetown" in several 19th-century Acts of Congress.[7]) Robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became the town's first mayor in 1790.[8]

John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, a Lutheran church on High Street. Stephen Bloomer Balch established a Presbyterian church in 1784. A Catholic Church, Trinity Catholic Church, was built in 1795, along with a parish school-house. Construction of St. John's Episcopal Church began in 1797 but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814. Other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown.[9]

Newspapers in Georgetown included the Republican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, started in 1790. The Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing the Potomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included the Georgetown Courier and the Federal Republican. William B. Magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16, 1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port.[9]

In the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century.[10] Among these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, serving as a private social club and known as City Tavern Club, located near the corner of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street.[citation needed]

George Washington frequented Georgetown, including Suter's Tavern, where he negotiated many deals to acquire land for the new national capital.[11] A key figure in the land deals was a local merchant named Benjamin Stoddert, who arrived in Georgetown in 1783. He had previously served as Secretary to the Board of War under the Articles of Confederation. Stoddert partnered with General Uriah Forrest to become an original proprietor of the Potomac Company.[12]

Stoddert and other Potomac landowners agreed to a land transfer deal to the federal government at a dinner at Forrest's home in Georgetown on March 28, 1791. Stoddert bought land within the boundaries of the federal district, some of it at the request of Washington for the government, and some on speculation. He also purchased stock in the federal government under Hamilton's assumption-of-debt plan. The speculative purchases were not, however, profitable and caused Stoddert much difficulty before his appointment as Secretary of the Navy by John Adams, the nation's second president. Stoddert was rescued from his debts with the help of William Marbury, a Georgetown resident who later was a plaintiff in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison. Stoddert ultimately purchased Halcyon House at the corner of 34th and Prospect Streets.[12] The Forrest-Marbury House on M Street is currently the embassy of Ukraine.

19th century

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In 1800, the federal capital was moved from the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., and Georgetown became an independent municipal government within the District of Columbia, of which there were three: Alexandria, D.C., Georgetown, D.C., and Washington, D.C. Georgetown, D.C., was in the new Washington County, D.C.; the District's other county was Alexandria County, D.C., now Arlington County, Virginia, and the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia.

By the 1820s, the Potomac River had become silted up and was not navigable up to Georgetown. Construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal began in July 1828, to link Georgetown to Harper's Ferry, Virginia in present-day West Virginia. But the canal was soon in a race with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and got to Cumberland eight years after the railroad, a faster mode of transport, and at the cost of $77,041,586. It was never profitable. From its beginning to December 1876, the canal earned $35,659,055 in revenue, while expending $35,746,301.[9]

The canal provided an economic boost for Georgetown. In the 1820s and 1830s, Georgetown was an sizable shipping center. Tobacco and other goods were transferred between the canal and shipping on the Potomac River; salt was imported from Europe, and sugar and molasses were imported from the West Indies.[9] These shipping industries were later superseded by coal and flour industries, which flourished with the C & O Canal providing cheap power for mills and other industry.[13] In 1862, the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company began a horsecar line running along M Street in Georgetown and Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, easing travel between the two cities.

The municipal governments of Georgetown and the City and County of Washington were formally revoked by Congress effective June 1, 1871, at which point its governmental powers were vested within the District of Columbia.[14] The streets in Georgetown were renamed in 1895 to conform to the street names in use in Washington.[15]

In the 1850s, Georgetown had a large African American population, including both slaves and free blacks. Slave labor was widely used in construction of new buildings in Washington, in addition, to provide labor on tobacco plantations in Maryland and Virginia. Slave trading in Georgetown began in 1760 when John Beattie established his business on O Street and conducted business at other locations around Wisconsin Avenue. Other slave markets ("pens") were located in Georgetown, including one at McCandless' Tavern near M Street and Wisconsin Avenue.[16] Slave trading continued until 1850, when it was banned in the District as one element of the Compromise of 1850.[17] Congress abolished ownership of slaves in the entire District on April 16, 1862, annually observed today as Emancipation Day.[18] Many African Americans moved to Georgetown following the Civil War, establishing a thriving community.[19]

By the late 19th century, flour milling and other industries in Georgetown were declining, in part due to the fact that the canals and other waterways continually silted up.[20] Nathaniel Michler and S.T. Abert led efforts to dredge the channels and remove rocks around the Georgetown harbor, though these were temporary solutions and Congress showed little interest in the issue.[21] An 1890 flood and expansion of the railroads brought destitution to the C&O Canal, and Georgetown's waterfront became more industrialized, with narrow alleys, warehouses, and apartment dwellings which lacked plumbing or electricity. Shipping trade vanished between the Civil War and World War I.[22] As a result, many older homes were preserved relatively unchanged.

In the late 18th century and 19th century, African Americans comprised a substantial portion of Georgetown's population, with a large number centered around Herring Hill in the far eastern section near Rock Creek Park. The 1800 census reported the population in Georgetown at 5,120, which included 1,449 slaves and 227 free blacks.[17] A testament to the African-American history that remains today is the Mount Zion United Methodist Church, which is the oldest African-American congregation in Washington. Prior to establishing the church, free blacks and slaves went to the Dumbarton Methodist Church where they were restricted to a hot, overcrowded balcony. The church was originally located in a small brick meetinghouse on 27th Street, but it was destroyed by fire in the 1880s. The church was rebuilt on the present site.[23] Mount Zion Cemetery offered free burials for Washington's earlier African-American population.[24] "From a pre-Civil War population of 6,798 whites, 1,358 free Negroes, and 577 slaves, Georgetown's population had grown to 17,300 but half these residents were poverty-stricken Negroes."[22] Other black churches in Georgetown included Alexander Memorial Baptist Church, First Baptist Church, Jerusalem Baptist Church, and Epiphany Catholic Church.[25]

20th century

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Georgetown is Washington's main shopping district and a major tourist attraction.
Storefronts on Wisconsin Avenue decorated for Christmas.
Storefronts on M Street
The shops at Georgetown Park is an indoor shopping area that has undergone substantial renovation in recent years. It's shown here in 2006.

In 1915, the Buffalo Bridge on present-day Q Street opened and connected this part of Georgetown with the rest of the city east of Rock Creek Park. New construction of large apartment buildings began on the edge of Georgetown. In the early 1920s, John Ihlder led efforts to take advantage of new zoning laws to get restrictions enacted on construction in Georgetown.[26] In 1933, a study by Horace Peaslee and Allied Architects laid out ideas for how Georgetown could be preserved.[27]

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, then owned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, formally ceased operations in March 1924. After severe flooding in 1936, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad sold the canal to the National Park Service in October 1938.[18] The waterfront area retained its industrial character in the first half of the 20th century. Georgetown was home to a lumber yard, a cement works, the Washington Flour mill, and a meat rendering plant, with incinerator smokestacks and a power generating plant for the old Capital Traction streetcar system, located at the foot of Wisconsin Avenue, which closed in 1935, and was demolished in October 1968. In 1949, the city constructed the Whitehurst Freeway, an elevated highway above K Street, to allow motorists entering the District over the Key Bridge to bypass Georgetown entirely on their way downtown.

In 1950, Public Law 808 was passed, establishing the historic district of "Old Georgetown".[28] The law required that the United States Commission of Fine Arts be consulted on any alteration, demolition, or building construction within the historic district.[29]

In 1967, the Georgetown Historic District was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[30]

21st century

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Georgetown is home to many politicians and lobbyists. Georgetown's landmark waterfront district was further revitalized in 2003, and includes a Ritz-Carlton, Four Seasons, and other hotels.[31] Georgetown's highly traveled commercial district is home to a variety of specialty retailers and fashionable boutiques.

Geography

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Georgetown is bounded by the Potomac River to the south, Rock Creek to the east, Burleith, Glover Park, and Observatory Circle to the north, and Georgetown University to the west. Much of Georgetown is surrounded by parkland and green space that serve as buffers from development in adjacent neighborhoods, and provide recreation. Rock Creek Park, Oak Hill Cemetery, Montrose Park, and Dumbarton Oaks are located along the north and east edge of Georgetown, east of Wisconsin Avenue.[32] The neighborhood is situated on bluffs overlooking the Potomac River. As a result, there are some rather steep grades on streets running north–south. The famous "Exorcist steps" connecting M Street to Prospect Street were necessitated by the hilly terrain of the neighborhood.

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are M Street and Wisconsin Avenue, whose high fashion stores draw large numbers of tourists as well as local shoppers year-round. There is also the Washington Harbour complex on K Street, on the waterfront, featuring outdoor bars and restaurants popular for viewing boat races. Between M and K Streets runs the historic Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, today plied only by tour boats; adjacent trails are popular with joggers or strollers.

Education

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Primary and secondary education

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Further information: District of Columbia Public Schools
Hyde-Addison School
Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School

Throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, the concentration of wealth in Georgetown sparked the growth of many university-preparatory schools in and around the neighborhood. One of the first schools was the Columbian Academy on N Street, which was established in 1781 with Reverend Stephen Balch serving as the headmaster.[33]

Private schools currently located in Georgetown include Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, while nearby is the eponymous Georgetown Day School. Georgetown Preparatory School, while founded in Georgetown, moved in 1915 to its present location several miles north of Georgetown in Montgomery County.

District of Columbia Public Schools operates area public schools, including Hyde-Addison Elementary School on O Street.[34] Hyde-Addison formed from merging two adjacent schools - Hyde Elementary and Addison Elementary. The Addison section was renovated in 2008 and the Hyde section was renovated in Summer 2014. An addition connecting the two buildings is scheduled for completion in Summer 2019.[35] Hardy Middle School and Jackson-Reed High School both serve Georgetown as zoned secondary schools.[36][37] Duke Ellington School of the Arts, a public magnet school, is in the community.

Georgetown University

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Main article: Georgetown University
Healy Hall at Georgetown University

The main campus of Georgetown University is located on the western edge of the Georgetown neighborhood. Father John Carroll founded Georgetown University as a Jesuit private university in 1789, though its roots extend back to 1634.[38] Although the school struggled financially in its early years, Georgetown expanded into a branched university after the American Civil War under the leadership of university president Patrick Francis Healy. As of 2007, the university has 6,853 undergraduate students and 4,490 graduate students on the main campus.[39]

The main campus is just over 102 acres (41 ha) in area and includes 58 buildings, student residences capable of accommodating 80 percent of undergraduates, various athletic facilities, and the medical school.[39] Most buildings employ collegiate Gothic architecture and Georgian brick architecture. Campus green areas include fountains, a cemetery, large clusters of flowers, groves of trees, and open quadrangles.[40] The main campus has traditionally centered on Dahlgren Quadrangle, although Red Square has replaced it as the focus of student life.[41] Healy Hall, built in Flemish Romanesque style from 1877 to 1879, is the architectural gem of Georgetown's campus, and is a National Historic Landmark.[42]

The 1973 film The Exorcist was partly filmed at Georgetown University and the surrounding area. The Exorcist steps, the stairway that the character Father Damien fell down, connects Prospect Street, on the edge of the campus, and M Street.

Public libraries

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The District of Columbia Public Library operates the Georgetown Neighborhood Library,[43] which originally opened at 3260 R St. NW in October 1935 on the site of the former Georgetown Reservoir. An earlier public library in Georgetown was endowed by financier George Peabody in 1867 and opened in a room of the Curtis School on O Street opposite St. John's Church in 1875. In the early 1930s, a library committee was formed to encourage the establishment of a new public library branch in Georgetown.[44]

The building was severely damaged by a fire on April 30, 2007, and underwent a $17.9 million renovation and expansion. The building was then re-opened on October 18, 2010, with a LEED-Silver Certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.[45] A newly constructed, climate-controlled third floor now houses the collections of the original Peabody Library and is a center for research on Georgetown history.[46]

Transportation

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See also: Georgetown street renaming
Key Bridge, which crosses the Potomac River, connects Georgetown with the Rosslyn section of Arlington, Virginia
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passing through Georgetown

Georgetown's transportation importance was defined by its location just below the fall line of the Potomac River. The Aqueduct Bridge (and later, the Francis Scott Key Bridge) connected Georgetown with Virginia. Before the Aqueduct Bridge was built, a ferry service owned by John Mason connected Georgetown to Virginia.[47] In 1788, a bridge was constructed over Rock Creek to connect Bridge Street (M Street) with the Federal City.[48]

Georgetown was located at the juncture of the Alexandria Canal and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The C&O Canal, begun in Georgetown in 1829, reached Cumberland, Maryland in 1851, and operated until 1924. Wisconsin Avenue is on the alignment of the tobacco hogshead rolling road from rural Maryland, and the Federal Customs House was located on 31st Street (now utilized as the post office). The city's oldest bridge, the sandstone bridge which carries Wisconsin Avenue over the C&O Canal, and which dates to 1831, was reopened to traffic on May 16, 2007, after a $3.5 million restoration. It is the only remaining bridge of five constructed in Georgetown by the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company.[49]

Several streetcar lines and interurban railways interchanged passengers in Georgetown at and near the Georgetown Car Barn, which the Capital Traction Company operated near the end of the Aqueduct Bridge and later, the Key Bridge (see Streetcars in Washington, D.C.). A station serving the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad and its successor, the Washington and Old Dominion Railway, was located in front of a stone wall on Canal Road adjacent to the Exorcist steps, immediately west of the Car Barn, from 1912 to 1923.

Five suburban Virginia lines, connecting in Rosslyn, provided links from the Washington, D.C. streetcar network to Arlington National Cemetery, Fort Myer, Nauck, Alexandria, Mount Vernon, Clarendon, Ballston, Falls Church, Vienna, Fairfax, Leesburg, Bluemont, and Great Falls (see Northern Virginia trolleys). Streetcar operations in Washington, D.C. ended on January 28, 1962.

In 1910, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed an 11-mile branch line from Silver Spring, Maryland, to Water Street in Georgetown in an abortive attempt to construct a southern connection to Alexandria, Virginia.[50] The line served as an industrial line, shipping coal to a General Services Administration power plant on K Street (now razed) until 1985.[50] The abandoned right-of-way has since been converted into the Capital Crescent Trail, a rails-to-trails route,[50] and the power plant replaced by a condo.[citation needed]

Proposals for a Metro station

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There is no Metro station in Georgetown. Some residents opposed building one but no serious plans for a station existed in the first place, primarily due to the engineering issues presented by the extremely steep grade from the Potomac River (under which the subway tunnel would run) to the center of Georgetown, very close to the river. The planners expected the Metro to serve rush-hour commuters, and the neighborhood has few apartments, office buildings, or automobile parking areas.[51]

Since the Metro's opening, there have been occasional discussions about adding another subway line and tunnel under the Potomac to service the area. Three stations are located roughly one mile (1.6 km) from the center of Georgetown: Rosslyn (across the Key Bridge in Arlington), Foggy Bottom-GWU, and Dupont Circle. Georgetown is served by the 30-series, D-Series, and G2 Metrobuses, as well as the DC Circulator.[52] Another potential option for transportation in Georgetown is scootering, with scooters provided by companies like Bird and Lime.

Historic district and historic landmarks

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Georgetown Historic District
LocationRoughly bounded by Whitehaven Street, Rock Creek Park, the Potomac River, and the Georgetown University campus
Coordinates38°54′34″N 77°3′54″W / 38.90944°N 77.06500°W / 38.90944; -77.06500
Area750 acres (300 ha)
NRHP reference No.67000025
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 28, 1967
Designated NHLDMay 28, 1967
Designated DCIHSNovember 8, 1964

The entire Georgetown neighborhood is a designated National Historic Landmark District, known as the Georgetown Historic District. It received this designation in 1967 for its large concentration of well-preserved colonial and Federal period architecture.[53]

Georgetown is also home to several other historic landmarks, including:

Notable residents

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Famous former residents include:

  • Georgetown was home to Francis Scott Key who arrived as a young lawyer in 1805. He and his family resided on M Street in the Key House. Dr. William Beanes, a relative of Key, captured the rear guard of the British Army while it was burning Washington during the War of 1812. When the mass of the army retreated, they retrieved their imprisoned guard and took Dr. Beanes as a captive to their fleet near Baltimore. Key went to the fleet to request the release of Beanes, was held until the bombardment of Fort McHenry was completed, and gained the inspiration for "The Star-Spangled Banner".
  • Alexander Graham Bell's earliest switching office for the Bell System was located on a site just below the C&O Canal, and it remains in use as a phone facility to this day. Bell originally moved to Georgetown due to the numerous legal hearings related to telephone patents, but then later created the Volta Laboratory and stayed on due to the many other scientific and technical organizations established in the region.[62]
Martin's Tavern, where John F. Kennedy proposed to Jackie in 1953.

Current residents include:

[edit]

Film

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The "Exorcist steps" at Georgetown University

Several movies have been filmed in Georgetown, including:

References

[edit]

Citations

  1. ^ Delany, Kevin (1971). A Walk Through Georgetown. Kevin Delany Publications.
  2. ^ Lesko 1991, p. 1.
  3. ^ Ecker 1933, pp. 1–6.
  4. ^ Jackson, Richard Plummer (1878). The Chronicles of Georgetown, D.C., from 1751-1878. R. O. Polkinhorn. pp. 3–4.
  5. ^ Establishment and Government of the District of Columbia. U.S. Senate reports of 1900, Congressional Edition, Volume 4043, US Gov't GPO. January 1, 1901. p. 175. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  6. ^ Lesko 1991, pp. 1–2.
  7. ^ Tindall, William (1901). The Establishment and Government of the District of Columbia. Government Printing Office. p. 15.
  8. ^ Ecker 1933, p. 8.
  9. ^ a b c d "An Old City's History: The Simple Annals of Our Venerable Suburb". The Washington Post. July 24, 1878.
  10. ^ Holmes, Oliver W. "The City Tavern: A Century of Georgetown History, 1797-1898". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 50: 1–35.
  11. ^ Holmes, Oliver W. "Suter's Tavern: Birthplace of the Federal City". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 73–74: 1–34.
  12. ^ a b Ecker 1933, p. 12.
  13. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 49.
  14. ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". memory.LOC.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  15. ^ "Chap. 79.-An Act Changing the name of Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes" (PDF). United States Statutes at Large from August 1893 to March 1895. p. 679. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  16. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 51.
  17. ^ a b Lesko 1991, p. 2.
  18. ^ a b "H-DC - H-Net". H-Net.org. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  19. ^ "Our Black History … in Georgetown". The Georgetowner. February 20, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  20. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 58.
  21. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 94.
  22. ^ a b Smith, A. Robert; Sevareid, Eric. "Washington: Magnificent Capital". Doubleday & Company, New York, 1965: 154, Library of Congress card number 65–24912.
  23. ^ a b Mitchell 1983, p. 10.
  24. ^ a b "Washington, DC--Mt. Zion Cemetery". cr.NPS.gov. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  25. ^ Lesko, Kathleen M.; Babb, Valerie Melissa; Gibbs, Carroll R. (2016). Black Georgetown Remembered. Georgetown University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781626163263.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Mitchell 1983, p. 2.
  27. ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 199.
  28. ^ Lesko 1991, p. 95.
  29. ^ "Old Georgetown Act". National Commission of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  30. ^ HL Boundary Review Project (February 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Georgetown Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2016. with 11 historic images and photos
  31. ^ "The Ritz-Carlton Hotel and Residences, Georgetown". Architectural Record. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  32. ^ Mitchell 1983, pp. 14–15.
  33. ^ Clark, Allen C. "Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch, a Pioneer Preacher of Georgetown". Records of the Columbia Historical Society: 73–95.
  34. ^ "Elementary Schools Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (2016-2017 School Year). District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved on May 27, 2018.
  35. ^ "DCPS School Modernizations Hyde-Addison Elementary School". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  36. ^ "Middle School Boundary Map Archived February 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (2016-2017 School Year). District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved on May 27, 2018.
  37. ^ "High School Boundary Map Archived January 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine" (2016-2017 School Year). District of Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved on May 27, 2018.
  38. ^ Fitzpatrick, Edward A.; Nevils, William Coleman (January 1936). "Miniatures of Georgetown, 1634 to 1934". The Journal of Higher Education. 7 (1). The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 7, No. 1: 56–57. doi:10.2307/1974310. JSTOR 1974310.
  39. ^ a b "Georgetown At A Glance". [communications.georgetown.edu/ Office of Communications]. Georgetown University. December 12, 2006. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
  40. ^ "Georgetown Goes Greener". Blue & Gray. July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
  41. ^ "Red Square". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
  42. ^ George, Hardy (October 1972). "Georgetown University's Healy Building" (PDF). The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 31 (3). Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 31, No. 3: 208–216. doi:10.2307/988766. JSTOR 988766.
  43. ^ "Hours & Locations". District of Columbia Public Library. Retrieved on October 21, 2009.
  44. ^ "Georgetown Neighborhood Library History". DC Public Library. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  45. ^ "Georgetown Library Opened Oct. 18, 2010". DC Public Library. July 10, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  46. ^ "The Peabody Room at the Georgetown Neighborhood Library". DC Public Library. September 13, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  47. ^ Ecker 1933, p. 39.
  48. ^ Ecker 1933, p. 53.
  49. ^ Weiss, Eric M., "Public Works - Oldest Bridge Reopens", Washington Post, Thursday, May 17, 2007, page B-5.
  50. ^ a b c Schwieterman, Joseph P. (2001). "Bethesda, Maryland (55,277)". When The Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities In The Age of Rail Line Abandonment: Eastern United States. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 0943549973. LCCN 00054505. OCLC 702179808. Retrieved December 6, 2020 – via Google Books.
  51. ^ Schrag, Zachary (2006). The Great Society Subway. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 9781421415772.
  52. ^ "Schedule: Washington D.C. Circulator". Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  53. ^ "NHL nomination for Georgetown Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  54. ^ "IBM Archives: Tabulating Machine Co. plant". www-03.IBM.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 21, 2005. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  55. ^ "Sea Catch Restaurant & Raw Bar". SeaCatchRestaurant.com. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  56. ^ "Church History". Georgetown Lutheran Church. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  57. ^ "History". Georgetown Presbyterian Church. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  58. ^ "Washington, DC--Oak Hill Cemetery". cr.NPS.gov. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  59. ^ "National Park Service - We're Sorry". NPS.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  60. ^ "Tudor Place - Historic House & Garden". TudorPlace.org. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  61. ^ "DumbartonCourt.com". DumbartonCourt.com. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  62. ^ a b National Park Service. Washington, D.C. National Register of Historic Places: Volta Laboratory & Bureau, National Park Service, U.S. Department Of The Interior, Washington. Retrieved from NPS.gov website December 2009.
  63. ^ "30 Years: Rabbi Philip Rabinowitz - a Commemoration and Remembrance" (PDF). Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  64. ^ "Local Connection: Elizabeth Taylor's Marriage to VA Senator John Warner Made Georgetown her Home". Patch.com. March 23, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  65. ^ "The Free Lance-Star - Google News Archive Search". news.Google.com. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  66. ^ Andrews-Dyer, Helena (June 30, 2015). "'The Julia Child House' in Georgetown can be yours for $1.1 Million". Retrieved December 30, 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  67. ^ Slovick, Matt (October 6, 1999). "D.C. Movies: The Exorcist". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  68. ^ Truitt, Brian (October 7, 2013). "'Exorcist' creators haunt Georgetown thirty years later". Retrieved June 24, 2014.
  69. ^ Dickerson, Justin (April 29, 2003). "'West Wing' Graduates at Georgetown". Newspaper. The Hoya. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Bibliography

  • Ecker, Grace Dunlop (1933). A Portrait of Old Georgetown. Garrett & Massie, Inc.
  • Gutheim, Frederick Albert; Lee, Antoinette J. (2006). Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, from L'Enfant to the National Capital. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Lesko, Kathleen Menzies; Valerie Babb; Carroll R. Gibbs (1991). Black Georgetown Remembered : A History Of Its Black Community From The Founding Of "The Town of George". Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626163263. OCLC 922572367.
  • Mitchell, Mary (1983). Glimpses of Georgetown: Past and Present. The Road Street Press.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgetown, Washington, D.C..
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Washington, D.C./Georgetown.
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