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Genet (animal)

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For other uses, see Genet (disambiguation).
"Genetta" redirects here. For the experimental cat crossbreed, see Genetta cat.

Genet
Temporal range: Pliocene–Recent
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Viverridae
Subfamily: Genettinae
Genus: Genetta
Cuvier, 1816
Type species
Viverra genetta
Species

See text

A genet (pronounced /ˈdʒɛnɪt/ or /dʒəˈnɛt/) is a member of the genus Genetta, which consists of 17 species of small African carnivorans.[1][2] The common genet is the only genet present in Europe and occurs in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and France.[3]

Genet fossils from the Late Miocene and later have been found at sites in Ethiopia, Kenya and Morocco.[4][5]

Classification

[edit]

Genetta was named and described by Frédéric Cuvier in 1816.[6] The number of species in the genus is controversial. The following were proposed as valid in 2005:[1]

Subgenus Image Name Distribution and IUCN Red List status
Genetta Common genet (G. genetta) (Linnaeus, 1758)[7] LC[8]
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina) (Thunberg), 1811[9]
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) (Rüppell, 1835)[10] DD[11]
Eugenetta Cape genet (G. tigrina) (Schreber, 1778)[12] LC[13]
Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bocage, 1882[14] LC[15]
Herpailuropoda Giant forest genet (G. victoriae) Thomas, 1901[16] LC[17]
Hausa genet (G. thierryi) Matschie, 1902[18] LC[19]
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) Pocock, 1907[20] NT[21]
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Gaubert, 2003[22]
Pardogale Pardine genet (G. pardina) Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832[23] LC[24]
King genet (G. poensis) Waterhouse, 1838[25] DD[26]
Prionailuropoda Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) (Gray, 1830)[27] LC[28]
Letaba genet (G. letabae) Thomas and Schwann, 1906[29]
Schouteden's genet (G. schoutedeni) Crawford-Cabral, 1970[30]
Leptailuropoda Servaline genet (G. servalina) Pucheran, 1855[31] LC[32]
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Hayman, 1940[33] VU[34]
Osbornictis Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) (Allen), 1919[35] NT[36]

Extinct species

[edit]

Genetta and Poiana are estimated to have diverged about 9.5 to 13.3 million years ago.[39] Genetta species are estimated to have diverged at least 8.5 million years ago starting with the Hausa genet, followed by the giant genet 3.98 to 6.01 million years ago.[40]

Characteristics

[edit]
Genet

Genets are slender cat-like animals with a long body, a long ringed tail, large ears, a pointed muzzle and partly retractile claws. Their fur is spotted, but melanistic genets have also been recorded. They have musk glands and anal sacs.[41][42] They also have perineal glands.[43]

All genet species have a dark stripe along the spine; they differ in fur color and spot pattern. Their size varies between species from 40.9 to 60 cm (16.1 to 23.6 in) in head-to-body length with 40 to 47 cm (16 to 19 in) long tails; their tails are almost as long as head and body.[1] They have large eyes with elliptical pupils; the iris is about the color of the fur. They can move their eyes within their sockets to a limited extent, and move their heads to focus on moving objects. Their pinnae have a fine layer of hair inside and outside. They can move the pinnae by about 80° from pointing forward to the side, and also from an erect position to pointing downwards. Their rhinarium is important for both sensing smell and touch.[44]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

All genet species are indigenous to Africa. The common genet was introduced to southwestern Europe during historical times.[1] It was brought from the Maghreb to Spain as a semi-domestic animal about 1000 to 1500 years ago, and from there spread to southern France and Italy.[45] In Africa, it inhabits wooded habitats north of the Sahara, in savanna zones south of the Sahara to southern Africa and along the coast of Arabia, Yemen and Oman.[46]

The Cape genet is endemic to fynbos, grassland and coastal forests in South Africa.[47]

The South African small-spotted genet lives in woodland savanna, grassland, thickets, dry vlei areas in Angola, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia.[1]

The rusty-spotted genet is widely distributed in sub-Saharan woodland savannah, savannah-forest mosaic, rain forest and montane forest up to an elevation of 3,400 m (11,200 ft) in Ethiopia.[48]

The pardine genet lives in primary and secondary rainforests, gallery forests, moist woodlands, but also in plantations and suburban areas ranging from Senegal to the Volta River in Ghana.[49]

The Abyssinian genet has been recorded in montane dry forest up to 3,750 m (12,300 ft) in Ethiopia.[50]

The King genet is restricted to rainforest in the Congo Basin, Bioko Island, Ghana and Liberia.[1]

The servaline genet lives in Central African lowland forests to high-altitude bamboo forest and coral rag thicket on Zanzibar.[51]

The Angolan genet inhabits open miombo forest from Angola to central Tanzania.[52]

The giant forest genet lives in rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Uganda.[53]

The Hausa genet inhabits savannah and moist woodlands in West Africa.[1]

G. letabae has been recorded in woodland savannah in Lesotho, Eswatini, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa.[1]

Johnston's genet inhabits dense rainforest in Upper Guinea.[54]

The aquatic genet inhabits rainforests between the Congo River and the Rift Valley.[55]

The crested servaline genet is endemic to Nigeria and Cameroon, where it inhabits scrub and primary deciduous forests.[56]

Schouteden's genet inhabits rainforest, woodland savannah and savannah-forest mosaic in tropical Africa.[1]

Bourlon's genet lives only in the Upper Guinean rainforests in West Africa.[22]

Ecology and behavior

[edit]
Genet photographed in Botswana

Genets are highly agile, have quick reflexes and exceptional climbing skills. They are the only viverrids able to stand on their hind legs. They walk, trot, run, climb up and down trees, and jump. They live on the ground, but also spend much of their time in trees. They are considered solitary, except during mating and when females have offspring.[44]

They are omnivorous and opportunistically catch invertebrates and small vertebrates, but also feed on plants and fruit. Aquatic genets feed mainly on fish.[41] Angolan genets are thought to feed on grasshoppers and other arthropods.[52] Johnston's genet probably feeds mainly on insects.[57]

In 2014, a camera trap in the Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park captured a large spotted genet riding on the back of two different buffalo and a rhinoceros. This was the first time a genet was recorded hitch-hiking.[58]

Females have up to five young in a litter.[41] They rear their young alone.[44]

Common genet females become sexually mature at the age of two years. After copulation, the gestation period lasts for 10 to 11 weeks.[3] They are diestrous and give birth twice a year, during spring and late summer to autumn.[59] Captive common genets have been known to live up to 13 years.[60] A male genet lived for 22.7 years in captivity.[61]

Threats

[edit]
Skins of G. genetta and G. tigrina

Loss of habitat due to deforestation and conversion of land to agriculture is a major threat for the crested servaline genet and Johnston's genet. Both genet species are also hunted for meat and skins. They are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red Lists.[62][63] These are also major threats for Bourlon's genet, which is classified as Near Threatened.[64]

The aquatic genet may be affected by hunting, but major threats have not yet been identified. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.[65]

The king genet and the Abyssinian genet are so poorly known that threats cannot be identified. Both are listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red Lists.[66][67]

The remaining genet species are not considered threatened and are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red Lists.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]

Etymology

[edit]

The etymological origin of the word 'genet' is uncertain; it may be a derivation of the Arabic name djarnet.[3] The English word comes from Old French 'genete', which came from Spanish 'gineta'.[76]

As pets

[edit]

Most genets that are kept as pets are common genets, rusty-spotted genets or Cape genets.[77] As enforced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), keeping a genet as a pet is prohibited across all states in the US. Although some states have specific laws regarding the possession of exotic pets, the possession and importation of genets is prohibited nationwide.[78] Genet prices can exceed $1500 for both the purchase and shipment of the animal. Genets are not suited to life in captivity, and it is not recommended to keep one as a pet. They are solitary animals in the wild and will not get along well with other pets such as cats or dogs.[79]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gaubert, P.; Taylor, P. J. & Veron, G. (2005). "Integrative taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the genets (Carnivora, Viverridae, Genetta): a new classification of the most speciose carnivoran genus in Africa" (PDF). In Huber, B. A.; Sinclair, B. J. & Lampe, K.-H. (eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Tropical Biology, Museum König, Bonn. Springer. pp. 371–383.
  2. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genetta". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 554–557. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a b c Larivière, S.; Calzada, J. (2001). "Genetta genetta" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 680: 1–2. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2001)680<0001:gg>2.0.co;2. S2CID 198968676. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  4. ^ Ginsburg, L. (1977). "Les carnivores du Miocène de Beni Mellal (Maroc)". Géologie Méditerranéenne (in French). 4 (3): 225–239. doi:10.3406/geolm.1977.1005.
  5. ^ Werdelin, L.; Peigné, S. (2010). "Carnivora". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W. J. (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 603–657. ISBN 9780520257214.
  6. ^ Cuvier, F. (1816). Cuvier, G. (ed.). Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Vol. I. Paris: Deterville.
  7. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Viverra genetta". Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1 (10th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius.
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  63. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8997A45198265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8997A45198265.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  64. ^ Gaubert, P.; Greengrass, E.J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta bourloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136223A45220931. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136223A45220931.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  65. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta piscivora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15628A45201673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15628A45201673.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  66. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta poensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136435A45221269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136435A45221269.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  67. ^ Gaubert, P.; Duckworth, J.W.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta abyssinica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8994A45198149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8994A45198149.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  68. ^ Gaubert, P.; Fischer, C.; Hausser, Y.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41696A45218468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41696A45218468.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  69. ^ Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41698A45218636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  70. ^ Angelici, F.M.; Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41699A45218948. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41699A45218948.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  71. ^ Gaubert, P.; De Luca, D.W.; Rovero, F.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta servalina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41700A97163789. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41700A97163789.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  72. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta thierryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41701A45219325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41701A45219325.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  73. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41702A45219459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41702A45219459.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  74. ^ Gaubert, P.; Dinets, V.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta victoriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41703A45219531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41703A45219531.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  75. ^ Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta pardina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136437A45221360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136437A45221360.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  76. ^ "Genet". Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001–2015.
  77. ^ Van Rompaey, H. & & Colyn, M. (1998). "A new servaline genet (Carnivora, Viverridae) from Zanzibar island". South African Journal of Zoology. 33 (1): 42–46. doi:10.1080/02541858.1998.11448452.
  78. ^ United States government (2024). "Bringing animals into the US". CDC. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  79. ^ Kruzer, A. "Should you keep a Genet as a pet?". Spruce Pets. Retrieved 25 October 2024.

Further reading

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