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Gas-checks in British RML heavy guns

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"Gas-check" redirects here. For the use in revolvers and rifles, see Gas check.

Gas-checks[1] were attachments to ammunition that revolutionised the performance of RML heavy guns.[2] The first generation of RML heavy guns began entering service in about 1865. They all had Woolwich rifling[3] and relied on studs on the projectiles for rotation. Gas-checks were first introduced in 1878 or soon after. They significantly reduced wear on the guns while also increasing their range and accuracy. Before long, studless ammunition was being manufactured for these guns, using gas-checks for projectile rotation. Gas-checks also facilitated a switch to the second generation of RML guns which used polygroove rifling and only supported studless ammunition.

Introduction

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The first RML heavy guns were introduced into British service in about 1865. By 1878, 11 models of Woolwich rifled guns had been introduced, ranging from 7 inches to 12.5 inches.[4] Unfortunately, Woolwich rifling had a major defect, namely, that hot powder gas escaping around the ammunition ("Windage") caused excessive barrel erosion, especially in the rifling grooves.[5] Extensive research was performed in the early 1870s to find a solution, and by 1878 two types of gas-checks had been designed. Both gas-checks were made of copper with a little added zinc. They were, in effect, shallow cups of about the same diameter as the ammunition that were attached to the base of the ammunition. When the gun was fired, the powder gas pressure forced the sides of the cup into the rifling grooves, creating a gas seal. It was immediately found that gas-checks also increased the range of guns, and provided greater accuracy. It was also realised that gas-checks were capable of rotating the ammunition, removing the need for studs. This facilitated the use of polygroove rifling, which used a lot of shallow grooves, in place of the Woolwich system which used only a few deeper grooves. Polygroove rifling was less detrimental to the strength of the guns. Also, studless ammunition was stronger and flew more accurately than studded ammunition. Shell strength was particularly important for armour-piercing ammunition.

Attached gas-checks

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Attached gas-checks were used with the existing studded ammunition of Woolwich rifled guns. Their basic design was the same across all sizes of guns, the key difference being their diameter. The gas-check was attached to the base of the projectile by a screw-in plug which required a minor modification to each projectile. A few projectiles were unsuitable for modification, and were scrapped.

  • Fig 1.[6] Attached Gas-Check Mk I.
    Fig 1.[6] Attached Gas-Check Mk I.
  • Fig 2.[7] Attached Gas-Check Mk II.
    Fig 2.[7] Attached Gas-Check Mk II.

Fig 1 shows the base of a 9-inch studded Palliser shell with attached gas-check Mk I. The gas-check consists of a wavy disc with a circular collar of the same diameter as the projectile around its edge. On firing, the intense powder gas pressure flattened the disc against the base of the projectile, increasing the disc’s overall diameter, and forcing the collar against and into the rifling, forming a gas seal. The Mk I gas-check performed well for the faster burning R.L.G. powder with which it was initially tested, but was found to seal the grooves too slowly with slower burning powders such as P and P2, resulting in scoring of the bottoms of grooves. As a result, the Mk I gas-check was superseded by the Mk II gas-check by 1881. Fig 2 shows a 9-inch studded common shell with a Mk II gas-check. The Mk II gas-check was virtually identical to the Mk I, the main difference being that the collar had projections that fitted into the grooves on loading and resulted in faster gas sealing on firing.[8]

Automatic gas-checks

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Automatic gas-checks[9] were used with studless ammunition in both Woolwich and polygroove rifled guns. They were otherwise known as “Rotating Gas-Checks”[10] or “EOC Gas-Checks”.[11] They were called "automatic" because they could be loaded into the barrel separately from the projectile, and automatically became firmly attached to the projectile on firing. They were called rotating gas-checks because they were able to rotate the projectile, enabling the use of studless projectiles. They were called EOC gas-checks, because they were developed by the Armstrong company which owned EOC.[12]

Automatic gas-checks were designed to be inserted into the barrel separately from, and before, the projectile, so that the gas-check would become located on the base of the projectile, but not attached to it, during ramming. On firing it became firmly attached to the projectile, and remained firmly attached all the way to the target. As an alternative to loading the gas-check separately, it was also sometimes permissible to pre-attach the gas-check to the projectile before loading.[13]

  • Fig 3.[14] Protrusion is part of shell.
    Fig 3.[14] Protrusion is part of shell.
  • Fig 4.[15] Protrusion is wrought-iron disk.
    Fig 4.[15] Protrusion is wrought-iron disk.

Fig 3 shows the base of a 10-inch studless common shell Mk I with automatic gas-check in place but not attached i.e. as it would be in the gun after ramming but before firing. The centre of the base of the projectile has a circular flat-topped protrusion with undercut sides. The outside of the base is curved and covered with two circular grooves and 47 tapered radial ridges. The collar has 7 projections corresponding to the rifling grooves. On firing, the powder gas pressure forces the copper gas-check into the undercut in the side of the protrusion, the two circular grooves, and the 47 gaps between the tapered radial ridges, permanently attaching the gas-check to the shell. The gas pressure also forces the collar outwards against the rifling, creating a gas seal. The radial ridges prevent rotation of the gas-check on the base of the projectile, forcing the projectile to rotate.[16]

Fig 4 shows a 10-inch studless Palliser shell Mk II with automatic gas-check. The gas-check is the same as the one in Fig 3. However, in contrast to Fig 3, the protrusion on the base of the shell in Fig 4 is not part of the shell, but is instead a wrought iron disc attached to the shell by the screw plug. Initially, all studless shells 9–17.72 inches, including Palliser shells, were made in one piece as in Fig 3. These shells were identified as Mark I. However, it was found that casting Palliser shells in brittle metal in one piece was extremely difficult, especially for smaller calibres, and that the protrusions were liable to chipping during handling. As a result, later Palliser shells 9–12.5 inches were made in two pieces as in Fig 4, and identified as Mark II. The separate protrusions were made from wrought iron, cast steel or malleable cast iron.[17]

Some Woolwich groove guns had 2 marks of automatic gas-checks. The changes to Mark I mainly involved shaving metal off parts of the projections to make them bend more precisely and rapidly into the Woolwich grooves, sealing the grooves faster.[16]

In general, all marks of a particular gun shared the same studless ammunition. Also, the studless ammunition for a particular gun used the same automatic gas-check, except for 9 inch and 10 inch guns which had some marks with Woolwich rifling, and others with polygroove. In these cases there was one automatic gas-check for all Woolwich marks, and a different automatic gas-check for all polygroove marks. The 8 inch 46 cwt and 70 cwt howitzers shared the same studless ammunition, but required different automatic gas-checks for their Woolwich and polygroove rifling respectively.[18]

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  1. RML 12in Automatic Gas-Check Mk I
  2. RML 12.5in Studded Palliser Shell Mk III with Attached Gas-Check Mk II
  3. RML 12.5in Studded Common Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-Check Mk II
  4. RML 12.5in Studded Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-check Mk II
  5. RML 12.5in Case Shot Mk III
  6. RML 12.5in Studless Palliser Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check[19]
  7. RML 12.5in Studless Common Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check
  8. RML 12.5in Studless Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-check

Images 2–8 show the range of ammunition for the RML 12.5 inch gun in 1885.[20] This range is typical of the ammunition in use with Woolwich-grooved guns of 9 inches or larger after the mid-1880s. These guns no longer fired studded ammunition without gas-checks. Instead there were two sets of ammunition available, namely: older studded ammunition with attached gas-checks Mk II, and newer studless ammunition with automatic gas-checks. Case ammunition was neither studded nor required gas-checks.

Summary table

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The table summarises the types of projectiles in service with RML heavy guns in 1902, (and probably, by the late 1880s for the guns existing at that time). All polygroove guns exclusively fired studless projectiles with automatic gas-checks. All Woolwich groove guns except 7 inch guns, fired both studded and studless projectiles. The studded projectiles had attached gas-checks while the studless projectiles had automatic gas-checks. The 8 inch gun only fired one studless projectile, a studless pointed common shell. The 7 inch guns fired exclusively studded projectiles without gas-checks.

Model[21] Rifling Stud/Gas-Check Combinations
Type Grooves Studded without Gas-Check Studded with Attached Gas-Check Studless with Automatic Gas-Check
17.72 inch[22] Polygroove 28 Y
16 inch[23] Polygroove 33 Y
12.5 inch[24] Woolwich 9 Y Y
12 inch 35 ton[25] Woolwich 9 Y Y
12 inch 25 ton[26] Woolwich 9 Y Y
11 inch[27] Woolwich 9 Y Y
10.4 inch 28 ton[28] Polygroove 21 Y
10 inch 18 ton Marks I & II[29] Woolwich 7 Y Y
10 inch 12 ton Marks III & IV[29] Polygroove 32 Y
9 inch Marks I-V[30] Woolwich 6 Y Y
9 inch Mark VI LS[30] Polygroove 27 Y
8 inch 9 ton gun[31] Woolwich 4 Y Y[32]
8 inch 70 cwt howitzer[33] Polygroove 24 Y
8 inch 46 cwt howitzer[34] Woolwich 4 Y Y
7 inch 7 ton Woolwich 3 Y
7 inch 6.5 ton Woolwich 3 Y
7 inch 90 cwt Woolwich 3 Y

Brief chronology

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  • 1865–1878 All models and marks of RML heavy guns with Woolwich rifling entered service. All models and marks entering service following this period had polygroove rifling.
  • 1879–1881 Most existing studded projectiles of 9 inches or larger were modified to take an attached gas-check.[35] A few projectiles were unsuitable for modification and were scrapped.[36]
  • 1879–1882 Manufacturing of studded projectiles terminated for all guns of 9 inches or larger,[37] but this does not imply stocks of studded projectiles had been exhausted.
  • 1880–1881 Attached gas-check Mk I was superseded by attached gas-check Mk II which introduced projections to fit into the rifling grooves.[38]
  • 1879–1884 Studless projectiles became available for all guns 9 inches or larger.[39]
  • 1905 RML guns with Woolwich rifling were either obsolete or obsolescent. Ref 1905 states that of the RML heavy guns introduced up to 1879, the ones "considered to be worth manning in time of war" were 12.5, 10 and 9 inches.[40]

Notes

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  1. ^ The term "gas-check" was hyphenated in late 1880s and early 1900s official British government publications such as treatises on ammunition and handbooks for various guns.
  2. ^ In this article, "RML heavy guns" includes rifled muzzle-loading guns and howitzers of 7 inches calibre or larger
  3. ^ Ref 1877 292; Ref 1879 pp.45
  4. ^ Ref 1873 pp. 528, 530-533; Ref 1877 p. 292
  5. ^ Ref 1878 p. 134
  6. ^ This is part of the image on Ref 1881 p. 182
  7. ^ This is part of the image on Ref 1881 p. 187
  8. ^ Ref 1887A pp. 152-153
  9. ^ Ref 1881 pp. 188-190; Ref 1887A pp. 155-156
  10. ^ Ref 1887A p. 155
  11. ^ Ref 1881 p. 188
  12. ^ The Armstrong company sold polygroove guns with studless gas-checked ammunition to the Italian navy in about 1874. Ref 1882 pp. 69-72; 100-ton gun
  13. ^ Ref 1885 p. 33
  14. ^ This is part of Ref 1887A Plate VIII
  15. ^ This is part of Ref 1887A Plate VII
  16. ^ a b Ref 1902A p. 235
  17. ^ Ref 1902A p. 252
  18. ^ Ref 1890 p. 11, Plates V-VII
  19. ^ This Palliser shell Mk I is made in one piece, unkike the 10 inch Palliser shell Mk II in Fig 4 which has a separate base protrusion
  20. ^ Ref 1885 pp. 32–33; Plates XI-XIV
  21. ^ This article uses the modern terms "Model" and "Mark". During part of the late 1800s, the terms "Nature" and "Pattern" respectively were used instead. Ref 1893 p. 92
  22. ^ Four of these guns were purchased for the British service from EOC in 1878 following previous similar sales to Italy. Ref 1893 p.112; Ref 1882 pp. 69-72; 100-ton gun
  23. ^ Ref 1893 pp. 110-112, 116
  24. ^ Ref 1885 pp. 32-33, Plates XI-XIV
  25. ^ Ref 1884A pp. 10-12, Plates VI-VIII
  26. ^ Ref 1893 pp. 105-107, 116
  27. ^ Ref 1893 pp. 104-105, 116
  28. ^ Ref 1887A pp. 232, 234, 238, 418, 432, 434-436; Ref 1893 pp. 101-104, 116; Ref 1902 p. 337. While the 10.4 inch gun is listed in Ref 1902, it is not listed in 1902A
  29. ^ a b Ref 1903 pp. 3-5, 41-46, Plates XXVI-XXXVIII
  30. ^ a b Ref 1894 pp. 3-4, 25-29, Plates XIV-XVII
  31. ^ Ref 1893 pp. 96-97, 116
  32. ^ The 8 inch gun only fired one studless projectile, a pointed common shell. Ref 1902A p. 241
  33. ^ Ref 1895 pp. 14-17, Plates VI-VII
  34. ^ Ref 1900 pp. 15-18, Plates VI-IX
  35. ^ Ref 1878 pp. xix-xxvii; Ref 1881 p. 182
  36. ^ Ref 1881 p. 183
  37. ^ Ref 1902A p. 243
  38. ^ Ref 1881 pp. 187–188
  39. ^ Ref 1884 pp. 50–51
  40. ^ Ref 1905 pp. 179–180

References

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  • 1873 Owen, C. H. (1873). The Principles and Practice of Modern Artillery (Second ed.). London: John Murray.
  • 1877 Secretary of State for War (1877). Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1878 Secretary of State for War (1878). Treatise on Ammunition with Corrections to September 1878. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Reprinted by The Naval & Military Press in association with The Imperial War Museum, London.
  • 1879 Secretary of State for War (1879). Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1881 Secretary of State for War (1881). Treatise on Ammunition Third Edition Corrected to November 1881. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1882 Brassey, Thomas (1882). The British Navy: Its Strength, Resources, and Administration Volume II Part II Miscellaneous subjects connected with shipbuilding for the purposes of war. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • 1884 Morgan, F. C. (1884). Handbook of Artillery Matériel. London: William Clowes and Sons. Reprinted by BiblioBazaar, Charleston, South Carolina.
  • 1884A War Office (1884). Handbook for the 12-in. R.M.L. Gun of 35 Tons (Mark I.) Land Service. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1885 Secretary of State for War (1885). Handbook for the R.M.L. 12.5-inch 38-ton Gun, Marks I and II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1887 Major Mackinlay, G. (1887). Text Book of Gunnery. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1887A Secretary of State for War (1887). Treatise on Ammunition Fourth Edition (Revised) Corrected to October 1887. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1890 Secretary of State for War (1890). Handbook for the 8-in. R.M.L. Howitzer of 46 cwt. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1893 Secretary of State for War (1893). Treatise on Service Ordnance Fourth Edition. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1894 War Office (1894). Handbook for the 9-inch rifled muzzle-loading gun of 12 tons Marks I to VIc. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1895 War Office (1895). Handbook for the 8-inch R.M.L. Howitzer of 70 cwt. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1897 Garbett, H. (1897). Naval Gunnery: A Description and History of the Fighting Equipment of a Man-of-War. London: George Bell and Sons.
  • 1902 Ordnance College (1902). Text Book of Gunnery. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1902A War Office (1902). Treatise on Ammunition Corrected to April 1902. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1903 War Office (1903). Handbook for the 10-inch R.M.L. Guns (Land Service). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
  • 1905 War Office (1905). Treatise on Ammunition. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
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