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Gansu ultramarathon disaster

Coordinates: 36°59′42″N 104°17′19″E / 36.99500°N 104.28861°E / 36.99500; 104.28861
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Gansu ultramarathon disaster
The Yellow River Stone Forest
Native name 黄河石林百公里越野赛事故
(Yellow River Stone Forest 100k trail running race accident)
Date22 May 2021 (2021-05-22)
Time10:30–13:00 (China Standard Time[note 1])
LocationMijiashan Hill, Yellow River Stone Forest, Jingtai County, China
Coordinates36°59′42″N 104°17′19″E / 36.99500°N 104.28861°E / 36.99500; 104.28861
CauseHypothermia; slow rescue
Participants172
Deaths21
Non-fatal injuries8

On 22 May 2021, 21 professional runners died from hypothermia out of the 172 competing in a government-run 100-kilometre (62 mi) trail running race[note 2] held in the Yellow River Stone Forest in Jingtai County, Gansu, China.

When a cold front struck, rain and possibly graupel were carried by gusts reaching level 9 (75–88 km/h [47–55 mph]). The apparent temperature ("body feel") dropped from 1 °C (34 °F) at 10:00 to −5 °C (23 °F) from 11:20 to 13:50. Many runners collapsed unconscious from hypothermia while reaching the 2,230-metre (7,320 ft) checkpoint. The organizers were unaware of the scope of the disaster because they did not assign any staff between checkpoints and they did not know the distressed point was in mobile phone signal blind spots. The collapsed runners did not survive and rescuers did not arrive until 19:00.[1] The dead were from the lead pack due to the timing of the cold front, while the slower runners survived. The number of fatalities and the fatality rate surpassed the U.S.–China joint Yangtze rafting disaster [zh] in 1986 in Sichuan.[2]

Background

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Local government as the organizer

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Location of Jingtai (marked as "accident") in northern China

The race was jointly organized by the sports department of Baiyin prefecture-level city and the Communist Party Committee [zh] of Jingtai County annually from 2018. The actual on-field event coordinator was the "Yellow River Stone Forest Administration", which is headed by the publicity chief of Jingtai County's Communist Party Committee, who later committed suicide (see § Disciplinary action). The actual operator of the race was a local sports marketing company, Shengjing Sports Culture Development Ltd (甘肃晟景体育文化发展有限公司).[3]

The Baiyin and Jingtai officials were later condemned by the official investigation for "being organizers only on paper" and not performing their duty to supervise as organizers. The on-field coordinators and some of the sports marketing company staff were later arrested.[3]

Race rules

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The 2021 edition consisted of three events: 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) running, a half marathon and a 100 km (62 mi) trail running.[note 2] Participants of the 100 km race had to show proof of completing a similar race of over 50 km within the last year. The race manual made windbreakers recommended but not compulsory.[3]

The accident and the weather

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Terrain and contingency planning

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The 100-kilometre (62 mi) trail was set along Mijiashan Hill of the Yellow River Stone Forest, a treeless karst terrain at the transition from the Loess Plateau at its south to the Tengger Desert at the north.[4] The terrain is mostly alluvial sandstone.[5][6] The starting line, at the main entrance of scenic area, has an elevation of 1,595 metres (5,233 ft); while the summit at the third checkpoint reaches 2,230 metres (7,320 ft).

The most rugged and narrow section, i.e. the second and third checkpoints, were not car-accessible and required 1–2 hiking hours from the nearest roads in the best weather conditions.[7] The event coordinator did not assign any staff or aid stations to the second and third checkpoints; worse still, the two checkpoints were largely mobile phone signal blind spots, which the coordinator did not know. This greatly hampered the efforts of the searchers and distressed trail runners[note 2] who tried to report what had happened.[3]

Runners' preparation of clothing

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The southern edge of the Tengger Desert meets the Yellow River (both pictured) at Shapotou, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the Stone Forest. Weather forecast warned of yellow dust and winds.[4]

The night before the race, when the weather was pleasant, the organizer offered to collect runners' night supplies and to place them at the sixth checkpoint (62 km [39 mi]), to be picked up by the runners mid-race the next evening. In the three previous years the race was sunny and hot, so most runners handed away their windbreakers. The next day, they showed up wearing vests and shorts. While warming up at the starting line, they were concerned by the cloudy, windy weather.[8][9]

However, the weather forecast the night before should have warned the organizers that it would not be a hot day as the previous three years had been. At 21:50 the night before, the city's meteorological center issued the lowest grade of a four-graded wind warning and stated,[10] "in the upcoming 24 hours, in Baiyin, Jingtai, [...], the average windspeed will reach levels 5–6 and gust will reach levels 7 or above, accompanied by yellow dust and sand."[4] The provincial meteorological center, at an unknown time on the day before, flagged a key notice that warned of "21–22 May is forecasted to have massive yellow dust and sand carried by winds, a drop of temperature and some precipitation. Atmospheric convection is getting strong in May in general, so beware of sudden heavy showers, hail, lightning and gusts."[11][12]

The cold front strikes mid-race

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Course map

At 09:00 (Nationwide Beijing time[note 1]) on Saturday 22 May 2021, the 100-kilometre (62 mi) trail running race began. From 10:30, the north-facing third checkpoint, with an elevation of 2,230 metres (7,320 ft), was hit by a cold front originated from Mongolia via the Tengger Desert off Jingtai.[14]

An example of graupel (not pictured on-site)

From 08:00, temperature dropped 5–7 °C (9–12.6 °F) within 5 hours, yet the gales accompanied with graupel and rain was a bigger issue. The average windspeed reached levels 6–7 and gust reached levels 8–9. These winds carried 3–5 mm of accumulated precipitation. The apparent temperature felt by the runners at 09:20 at the first and second checkpoints were both 7 °C (45 °F); then both fell to 3 °C (37 °F) at 10:50. At the third checkpoint, with an elevation of 2,230 meters (7,320 ft), the apparent temperature dropped from 1 °C (34 °F) at 10:00 to −5 °C (23 °F) from 11:20 to 13:50, while actual temperature at 13:00 was 4 °C (39 °F). While many runners reported sightings of hail and freezing rain, the investigation concluded it was most probably graupel because the weather conditions were impossible for the former two to exist.[3]

Runners taking refuge behind rocks found their space blankets torn to pieces by winds.[15] Some among the lead pack got lost near the summit at the third checkpoint because of fog and due to trail marks having been blown away.[14]

Beaufort wind scale Speed Typical observations inland[16]
6: Strong breeze 39–49 km/h
25–31 mph		 Large tree branches in motion
7: Near gale 50–61 km/h
32–38 mph		 Whole trees in motion
8: Gale 62–74 km/h
39–46 mph		 Twigs break off trees
9: Strong gale 75–88 km/h
47–54 mph		 Slight structural damage
10: Storm 89–102 km/h
55–63 mph

Seldom experienced inland; trees uprooted

Errors in search and rescue

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A typical yaodong on Loess Plateau similar to the one used by shepherd Zhu Keming in his rescuing of runners

Within an hour

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The operator of the race, which was a local sports marketing company, had equipped runners with GPS devices. The first distress message was sent at 11:50 (Nationwide Beijing time[note 1]) by a runner via GPS, but never received a response. The first distress message received was sent via the official WeChat message group at 12:17, while a photo of ten runners hugging together was sent at 12:30.[3] An ill-equipped private search team called Blue Sky Rescue (蓝天救援队), stationed at the starting line, sent some of its 39 members to the hill between the second and third checkpoints. By around 14:00, they guided 18 runners capable of walking on their own to a lodge at the foothill.[3] After the accident, questions were raised about their qualifications.[3]

The most timely rescue to those in critical medical condition came from a local shepherd, Zhu Keming (朱可铭). Around 13:00–14:00, while his sheep insisted on grazing in cold, windy, rainy weather at the Mijiashan Hill, he spotted the stricken runners, some already collapsed unconsciously from hypothermia. He saved six by bringing them to his heated yaodong cave. He later spotted three more runners dead not far from his cave.[3][17][18][19]

The instruction given to the villagers

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At 14:30, the Yellow River Stone Forest Administration phoned the mayor of Zhongquan town with a brief instruction, "we need to bring winter supplies to the athletes".[1] This ambiguous instruction was delegated to the closest village at the foothill, Changsheng (常生村). Changsheng villagers did not learn of the urgency until 16:42 when shepherd Zhu Keming, who was taking refuge uphill, managed to get out of the mobile phone signal blind spot and phone to report that two runners had died.[1] Villager Zhu Wanwen (朱万文), who had a motorbike, departed around 16:00[20] and he saved a mouth-foaming runner around 18:00–19:00.[14] Sixty other able-bodied men from Changsheng, mostly around the age of 50, hiked up to the distressed third checkpoint by 20:00.[1]

Firefighters arrived 9 hours later

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At 15:34, a local phoned the Baiyin Prefecture Emergency Center.[21][3] Jingtai County firefighters, located 33 kilometres (21 mi) away, were dispatched at 16:21, arrived at the car-accessible fourth checkpoint around 17:45 and hiked up to the distressed third checkpoint around 21:00. By this point, their job was largely a body-recovering mission.[21] Although firefighters brought thermal-imaging drones and radar, they got lost in the dark a few times and relied on villagers' guidance.[22] The villagers, who brought warm clothes and bedding with them, were more useful to the runners suffering hypothermia. The firefighters were not geared or trained to identify hypothermia, and did not attempt to perform CPR on the runners who "looked dead".[1]

Timeline of fatalities

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21 runners (18 men and three women[23][24]) died, and a further eight were injured. All of the dead were in the lead pack. When the cold front arrived, the lead pack were near the summit at the third checkpoint and faced the wind in wide open;[14] while the much slower runners, mostly female, missed the cold front. A female runner would have won the overall race had it not been suspended.[25][22] Only four of the 172 runners made it to the fourth checkpoint.[22] These four runners were way behind the lead pack, for instance, the first among the four arrived the second checkpoint at 11:09,[26] while Liang Jing, the first of the six runners in the lead pack, arrived at 10:42.[14]

Jing, a former champion and a record-holder, was among the casualties and recorded a zero heart rate at 13:08 by his sports watch.[14] Also one of the victims was Huang Guanjun, a hearing-impaired marathon champion from China's 2019 National Paralympic Games.[27][28]

Aftermath

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Disciplinary action

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Jingtai County's Communist Party Secretary, Li Zuobi (李作璧), the highest ranked in the county yet only middle ranked among the organizers, committed suicide on 9 June 2021. This led to widespread commentary on, firstly, whether he was made a scapegoat in the Communist Party's way of assigning responsibility, and secondly, on the broader culture of suicides of Chinese Communist officials [zh].[29][30][31][32]

The official investigation handed internal Communist Party disciplinary actions to 31 others, mostly in the form of demerit.[33]

Public reaction

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The deaths generated public anger, with most of the blame directed at the organizer, the local government. Questions were raised about the lack of contingency planning.[8] The number of casualties and the death of some notable elite trail runners made international news headlines.[27]

Impact on sporting events in China

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On 2 June 2021, the Sports Administration of China suspended all high-risk sporting events that lack oversight bodies. This includes mountain and desert trail running, wingsuit flying, and ultra-long-distance races.[34]

Other running races hit by cold weather

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  • The Hong Kong Ultra-Trail World Tour in 2016 had its 100k finishing line at a summit hit by a −6 °C (21 °F) cold wave. Exhausted after a 100k race, runners were trapped for hours as all roads and even some of their clothes were covered in black ice.[35]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c While Gansu adopted the nationwide Beijing Time (UTC+8) from 1949,[13] its actual geographical time as reflected by the abandoned Gansu-Sichuan time zone (隴蜀時間) would have been one hour earlier (UTC+7). The UTC+8 time gives the rescuers and runners "one extra hour of daylight" in Gansu as the sun set in Beijing, the capital with the same latitude.
  2. ^ a b c "Trail running" is a more precise term than ultramarathon, as ultramarathon includes any race over 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi), including road running in urban area. In this accident the wild terrain matters more than the distance.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e 翟星理 (26 May 2021). "复盘白银"致命马拉松"救援18小时" [A comprehensive review of the 18 rescue hours of the deadly marathon]. 界面新闻 [Jiemian.com]. Shanghai: Shanghai United Media Group. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021.
  2. ^ Kitamura, Yutaka [北村 豊] (2 July 2021). "死者は21人…中国「100キロクロカン」で何が起きていたのか? 一大産業化するマラソンバブルの暴走". Gendai Business. Tokyo: Kōdansha. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "白银景泰"5·22"黄河石林百公里越野赛公共安全责任事件调查报告" [Investigation report]. 省委省政府联合调查组 [Gansu Provincial Joint Investigation Taskforce]. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021.
  4. ^ a b c 官莉, ed. (23 May 2021). "甘肃景泰马拉松21人遇难，事发景区地处黄土高原和沙漠过渡带" [21 perished in a marathon held in Jingtai, an area at the transition of Loess Plateau and desert]. 红星新闻 [Chengdu.cn]. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021 – via NetEase News.
  5. ^ 范晓; 赵广田 (2009). "大河雄峰——甘肃景泰黄河石林国家地质公园". 中国国家地理 [Chinese National Geography] (3). Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  6. ^ 尤联元 (2017). "美好风光在峰林". 科学之友 [Friend of Science Amateurs] (5). Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  7. ^ 张月朦 (25 May 2021). "摄影师：没想到赛前搭讪梁晶竟成诀别" [My pre-match chit-chat with Liang Jing turned out to be a farewell, said the photographer]. 北京青年报 [Beijing Youth Daily]. p. A07. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b "China ultramarathon: Severe weather kills 21 runners". BBC News. 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  9. ^ Bieler, Des (24 May 2021). "21 die in Chinese ultramarathon suddenly struck by plunging temperatures, wind and hail". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  10. ^ 卜羽勤 (25 May 2021). "风控失控！甘肃越野跑风控体系缺了什么？". 21世纪经济报道 [21st Century Business Herald]. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021.
  11. ^ "甘肃马拉松事故事发前1个小时甘肃省气象台曾预报降温及阵风". Guancha.cn. 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. A selected translation is available as: "Twenty-one runners dead as disaster rocks cross-country marathon in China". News.com.au. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  12. ^ 郎朗 (23 May 2021). "甘肃景泰县气象局：为马拉松赛事提供气象信息专报 未涉及冷空气过境信息". 中国新闻网 [China News Service]. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021.
  13. ^ Guo, Qing-sheng (2001). 中国标准时制考 [A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China] (PDF). China Historical Materials of Science and Technology. 22 (3): 277–278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f 杨楠 (13 June 2021). "白银越野迷途" [Those who got lost in the trail in Baiyin]. 南方人物周刊 [Southern People Weekly]. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  15. ^ "甘肃白银马拉松参赛者口述：附近村民开着摩托车，一个一个往下救". www.time-weekly.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Beaufort Scale". Royal Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  17. ^ "Shepherd hailed as hero in deadly China ultramarathon race". Channel News Asia. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  18. ^ "甘肃白银山地马拉松幸存者：前六名只有我一个活下来，幸亏放羊大叔救我一命！". Shanghai Observer [上观新闻]. 23 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021.
  19. ^ 王豪; 马富春 (23 May 2021). "甘肃白银山地越野赛救援：牧羊人连救6名选手、村民抱被子帮忙". 中国青年报app [China Youth Daily app]. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Guancha.cn.
  20. ^ 王远; 孙倩 (26 May 2021). "甘肃马拉松事故背后： 全员上阵救人的"常生村"" [Everyone from Changsheng village were dispatched - The story behind the Gansu Marathon]. 速豹新闻网 [Subaoxw.cn]. Jinan: 山东商报 [Shandong Business Daily]. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021.
  21. ^ a b 郭懿萌 (23 May 2021). "白银消防队员讲述搜救过程：选手穿着单薄，找到11人只1人幸存". 新京报 [The Beijing News]. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021.
  22. ^ a b c 郭剑 (24 May 2021). 摄像师见证的甘肃百公里越野赛现场 [The trail running race as witnessed by the official on-field photographer] (video). 三联生活周刊的官方微博 [Lifeweek's official Sina Weibo]. Beijing: Joint Publishing. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2021. A selected transcript is printed as: 张月朦 (25 May 2021). "摄影师：没想到赛前搭讪梁晶竟成诀别" [My pre-match chit-chat with Liang Jing turned out to be a farewell, said the photographer]. 北京青年报 [Beijing Youth Daily]. p. A07. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  23. ^ Zhang, Phoebe (1 June 2021). "'He must've been so cold': who were the 21 who died in ultramarathon tragedy?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  24. ^ Toropov, Pavel (28 May 2021). "China ultramarathon disaster: what happened during the storm that killed 21 runners?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  25. ^ "白银最后一位退赛选手" [The last contestant dropped out the race in Baiyin]. 北京头条. Beijing: Beijing Youth Daily Press. 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Xinhua Daily Media Group.
  26. ^ "甘肃白银越野赛，真的有选手通过CP4吗？". 26 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021.
  27. ^ a b Stevenson, Alexandra; Li, Cao (23 May 2021). "21 Runners Dead After Extreme Weather Hits Chinese Ultramarathon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  28. ^ Bacon, John. "21 die in Huanghe Shilin Mountain Marathon in China, including legend Liang Jing". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  29. ^ 家傲 (11 May 2021). "马拉松事故处理27人 县委书记坠楼身亡". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021.
  30. ^ 田云 (14 June 2021). 王濤 (ed.). "縣委書記李作璧離奇墜樓亡 21條年輕生命一筆勾銷". Espial News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.
  31. ^ 陈安庆 (12 June 2021). "县委书记跳楼：抑郁自杀？畏罪自杀？还是知耻自杀?". 南方传媒书院. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.
  32. ^ 黃小山; 程文 (11 June 2021). "白銀「死亡馬拉松」責任官員墮樓亡 「畏罪自殺」或「背黑鍋」？". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  33. ^ Bradsher, Keith; Li, Cao (11 June 2021). "China Accuses 32 in Ultramarathon Disaster, but Main Suspect Is Dead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  34. ^ Nectar Gan (3 June 2021). "China suspends all high-risk sports events after deadly mountain ultra-marathon". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  35. ^ Jacquerline, Rachel (24 January 2016). "'It's carnage': Freezing conditions force organisers to call early end to Vibram Hong Kong 100". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
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