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G. Frederick Reinhardt

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G. Frederick Reinhardt
United States Ambassador to Italy[1]
In office
May 17, 1961 (1961-05-17) – March 3, 1968 (1968-03-03)
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy
Preceded byJames David Zellerbach
Succeeded byGardner Ackley
Ambassadors of the United States to North Yemen
In office
April 28, 1960 (1960-04-28) – May 6, 1961 (1961-05-06)
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byRaymond A. Hare
Succeeded byParker T. Hart
Ambassadors of the United States to Egypt
In office
March 22, 1960 (1960-03-22) – May 6, 1961 (1961-05-06)
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byRaymond A. Hare
Succeeded byJohn S. Badeau
11th Counselor of the United States Department of State
In office
March 17, 1957 (1957-03-17) – February 3, 1960 (1960-02-03)
Preceded byDouglas MacArthur II
Succeeded byTheodore Achilles
United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
In office
May 28, 1955 (1955-05-28) – February 10, 1957 (1957-02-10)
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byDonald R. Heath
Succeeded byElbridge Durbrow
Personal details
Born(1911-10-21)October 21, 1911
Berkeley, California, U.S.
DiedFebruary 22, 1971(1971-02-22) (aged 59)
Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (BA)
Cornell University (MA)
Cesare Alfieri Institute, Italy (Dipl.)

George Frederick Reinhardt (1911–1971) was an American foreign service officer and diplomat from 1937 until 1968.[2] He was considered by his peers to be among the finest diplomats of his era.[3] Reinhardt was the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam (1955–1957), to the United Arab Republic and North Yemen (1960–1961) and to Italy (1961–1968). In Vietnam, he worked to improve relations between the United States and South Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem.

Childhood and education

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Reinhardt was born in Berkeley, California on October 21, 1911,[4] the eldest of two boys born to Dr. George F. Reinhardt Sr. and Aurelia Henry Reinhardt (later to become president of Mills College).[4][5]

Reinhardt's father, George, was a well known physician who sat on the Medical Board of California (originally the Board of Examiners of the Medical Society of California), serving as the organization's vice president in 1908 and its president in 1909.[6] Dr. George Reinhardt was also the first University Physician and Professor of Hygiene at the University of California, Berkeley, where he founded the country's first, comprehensive, prepaid, student health program and hospital, in 1906.[7][8] George died in Berkeley on June 7, 1914, when Reinhardt was not yet three years old.[9]

Reinhardt matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating in 1933 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in classics and modern languages. Reinhardt would win the Alumnus of the Year award from the Cal Alumni Association in 1962.[10] He earned an M.A. from Cornell University in 1935 in the field of European history and international law, his dissertations were entitled, "German interest in the Russo-Japanese war"[11] and "International Control of Rivers for Non-Navigational Purposes."[12] He earned a Diploma from Cesare Alfieri Institute, Florence, Italy, in 1937.[13] He also earned honorary doctorates from Universities of California, Gonzaga and Mills College.[citation needed]

Foreign service career

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Reinhardt began his professional career serving on the United States and Mexico International Boundary Commission.[14] In 1937 Reinhardt began his foreign service as the vice-consul in Vienna, Austria.[15] There, in March 1938, he witnessed the Austrian Anschluss.[16] By the end of the year he had been recalled and begun training in Russian at Harvard University.[17] In October 1939, he was designated third secretary of the legation and American vice consul in Tallinn, Estonia.[18] By June 1940, Reinhardt was assigned for the first time to the Moscow embassy.[19] During his first assignment in Moscow, Reinhardt assisted in the removal and liquidation of U.S. assets in the Baltic states following the Soviet annexation.[20] He also provided consular service to U.S. nationals, and served as a Russian language interpreter. Reinhardt served as an interpreter during meetings between Joseph Stalin and President Roosevelt's personal representative, Harry Hopkins.[21] He was considered only second, to Charles E. Bohlen, to interpret for Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference.[22] In October 1941, as Moscow came under threat from the German army as a result of Operation Barbarossa, Reinhardt remained in the city under Llewellyn Thompson (the then Second Secretary at the U.S. Embassy to the Soviet Union),[23] while Ambassador Laurence A. Steinhardt and other diplomatic personnel and news correspondents were evacuated to Kuibyshev.[24][25][26]

In 1943, Reinhardt was then stationed in Algiers, to serve on Robert Murphy's Staff. He served as the U. S. representative for the Allied Control Commission for Italy while Bob Murphy went back to the U. S. on leave. His expertise were in high demand in the Mediterranean, both because of his expertise in Italian and experience with Soviet affairs.[27] Dealing with the Soviets regarding Balkan concerns was a major reason for his involvement.

When on 19 November 1951, the NATO Defense College opened its doors to Course 1 in Paris, Reinhardt was the only civilian senior instructor assigned to the course.[28]

During the spring of 1953 President Eisenhower asked Reinhardt to participate as a Russian expert as part of a top-secret program, named Project Solarium, examining the advantages and disadvantages of a series of military and political strategies seeking to "roll back" existing areas of Soviet influence and restore the prestige of the west.[29][30] Reinhardt participated as a member of "Task Force C" delivering their recommendation to Eisenhower, John F. Dulles and other cabinet members on July 16, 1953.[31] Project Solarium's findings produced NSC 162/2, a national strategy directive commonly assessed to have guided U.S. strategy from its publication to the end of the Cold War.

Throughout the course of his Foreign Service career, Reinhardt held the following postings with the U.S. Department of State:[32][33]

  • U.S. Vice Consul, Vienna, Austria (1937–38)
  • U.S. Third Secretary-Vice Consul, Tallinn, Estonia (1939–40)
  • U.S. Third Secretary-Vice Consul, Moscow, USSR (1940–42)
  • Political Advisor, Allied Control Commission for Italy (1943–44)
  • Foreign Service Officer, Staff of Supreme Allied Commander (1944–45)
  • Staff of U.S. Political Adviser on German Affairs, AEF (1945)
  • U.S. Consul, Moscow, USSR (1945–48)
  • Director, Division of Eastern European Affairs (1948–51)
  • Deputy for Civil Affairs, NATO Defense College, Paris, France (1951–55)
  • U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam (1955–57)
  • Counselor of the Department of State (1957–60)
  • U.S. Ambassador to Yemen (1960–61)
  • U.S. Ambassador to Egypt (United Arab Republic, 1960–61)
  • U.S. Ambassador to Italy (1961–68)

In December 1968, Reinhardt resigned from the Foreign Service shortly after a visit to Rome by President Johnson.[34]

Career in the private sector

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Following his departure from the State Department, Reinhardt accepted a position with the Stanford Research Institute to run its office in Zurich, Switzerland.[35] The Stanford Research Institute, operating today as SRI International, is a non-profit research center with offices around the world. The organization serves clients in the private and public sector to develop real-world implementation of varied R&D projects.[36] Reinhardt retained this position until his death in 1971.[37]

Personal life

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On September 10, 1949, Reinhardt married Lillian Larke "Solie" Tootle of Bethany, West Virginia at a ceremony in Weston, Connecticut.[38][39] The two first met in Vienna prior to World War II and then became reacquainted in Paris when Solie was working for the Marshall Plan.[40] They had four children: George Frederick ("Fred"), Anna Aurelia ("Aura"), Charles Henry ("Harry"), and Catherine Jane ("Cathy").[41]

Reinhardt served on numerous boards and as a leader to a variety of organizations including the Telluride Association (member)[42] and the American Foreign Service Association (President).[43] He was also a member of the American Society of International Law,[44] the Academy of Political Science, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the U.S. Naval Institute.

Reinhardt died of a heart attack on February 22, 1971, in Birmensdorf, Switzerland.[35][45] He was buried at the Protestant Cemetery in Rome (Il Cimitero Acattolico di Roma), for which he had served as administrator from 1961 until 1968, by virtue of his post as U.S. Ambassador.[46] Following her death, the ashes of Reinhardt's widow, Solie, were interred beside his in 2009.[46]

Notes

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  1. ^ "George Frederick Reinhardt (1911–1971)". Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  2. ^ "George Frederick Reinhardt". State Department. Office of the Historian. March 24, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  3. ^ Times, Bernard Gwertzman and Special To the New York (24 September 1982). "DIPLOMAT'S FONDEST MEMORY: CHINA BREAKTHROUGH". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  4. ^ a b NNDB "G. Frederick Reinhardt". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
  5. ^ "Guide to the Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Papers, Mills College Archived 2018-03-30 at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  6. ^ "Officers of the Medical Board of California", the Medical Board of California ("Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link))
  7. ^ "Berkeley Student Services," University of California History, Digital Archives. ("University of California History Digital Archives: Berkeley Student Personnel Services (Printer friendly version)". Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.)
  8. ^ Annual Report of the President of the University on Behalf of the Regents, to His Excellency the Governor of the State of California: 1913-1914. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1914. (p. 144)
  9. ^ Annual Report of the President of the University on Behalf of the Regents, to His Excellency the Governor of the State of California: 1913-1914. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1914. (p. 144)
  10. ^ "Alumnus/a of the Year Recipients". Cal Alumni Association. 2010-01-27. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
  11. ^ "German interest in the Russo-Japanese war - Cornell University Library Catalog". newcatalog.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  12. ^ "Doctoral Dissertations in Political Science". The American Political Science Review. 33 (4): 732–747. 1939. doi:10.1017/S0003055400037199. JSTOR 1949524. S2CID 147493725.
  13. ^ "WINS FELLOWSHIP IN ITALY; Californian to Study World Problems at Florence". New York Times. January 10, 1937. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  14. ^ Reinhardt, G. Frederick (1937). "Rectification of the Rio Grande in the El Paso-Juarez Valley". The American Journal of International Law. 31 (1): 44–54. doi:10.2307/2190713. JSTOR 2190713. S2CID 145187195.
  15. ^ "The Foreign Service". The New York Times. 18 July 1937. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  16. ^ Wilson, Hugh (April 7, 1938). "U. S. Notes Recognizing Anschluss; Note on Austrian Status Note on Indebtedness". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27.
  17. ^ "News From the Department". Foreign Service Journal. 16: 568. October 1939. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27.
  18. ^ "The Foreign Service". The New York Times. October 1, 1939. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  19. ^ "Foreign Service Updates". Foreign Service Journal. 17 (7): 394. July 1940. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27.
  20. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1940, General, Volume I - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  21. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1941, General, The Soviet Union, Volume I - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  22. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 1943 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
  23. ^ "U.S. Ministers and Ambassadors to Russia". United States Embassy, Moscow. Archived from the original on 18 December 2005.
  24. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1941, General, The Soviet Union, Volume I - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  25. ^ "SECRET CAPITAL SET UP BY SOVIET; Steinhardt and Other Envoys Move to Undisclosed Center -- Aides Left in Moscow". The New York Times. October 18, 1941. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  26. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1941, General, The Soviet Union, Volume I - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  27. ^ Telegram from Kirk to State Department May 13, 1944. RG 123 Reinhardt, G. Frederick/149. U. S. National Archives.
  28. ^ "ATLANTIC NATIONS OPEN PARIS SCHOOL; 50 Officers and Civilians From All 12 Pact Members in First 6-Month Course". The New York Times. 1951-11-20. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  29. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II, Part 1 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  30. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II, Part 1 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  31. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, Volume II, Part 1 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  32. ^ "G. Frederick Reinhardt". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
  33. ^ "George Frederick Reinhardt (1911-1971)," Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. ("George Frederick Reinhardt - People - Department History - Office of the Historian". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2016-08-26.)
  34. ^ "Interview with Ambassador Peter S. Bridges," October 24, 2003. By Charles Stuart Kennedy. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project ("Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2018-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link))
  35. ^ a b "G. Frederick Reinhardt Dead; Ambassador to Italy 1961-68," The New York Times. 02/24/1971 ("G. Frederick Reinhardt Dead; Ambassador to Italy, 1061‐68 - the New York Times". The New York Times. 24 February 1971. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.)
  36. ^ "About us" SRI International Website. ("SRI International - an independent, nonprofit R&D organization dedicated to client success". Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2017-09-02.)
  37. ^ ("G. Frederick Reinhardt Dead; Ambassador to Italy, 1061‐68 - the New York Times". The New York Times. 24 February 1971. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.)
  38. ^ "Marriages," The American Foreign Service Journal, Vol. 26, No. 11. November 1949, p. 22. ("Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link))
  39. ^ "Marriage for Lillian Tootle". New York Times. September 10, 1949. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  40. ^ Reinhardt, Solie (1998). V-Mail Wartime Letters. New York: Private. p. 126.
  41. ^ "Obituary: Lilian Reinhardt Archived 2018-03-30 at the Wayback Machine," The New York Times, February 12, 2009.
  42. ^ "Reinhardt Still in Riga" (PDF). Telluride News Letter. October 1940. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  43. ^ "AFSA Presidents". American Foreign Service Association. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
  44. ^ "Business Meeting". The American Journal of International Law. 65 (4): 323–332. 1971. JSTOR 25660420.
  45. ^ Shurtleff, William Roy. Descendants of Johannes P. Reinhardt of Württemberg. Pine Hill Press, Lafayette, California: 1994. pp 82-82
  46. ^ a b Protestant Cemetery, Rome: Stone 7 "George Frederick Reinhardt & Lillian Tootle Reinhardt" ("Protestant Cemetery, Rome: Stone 7". Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.)

References

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  • Profile, PoliticalGraveyard.com
  • Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, ed. Spencer Tucker, s.v. "Reinhardt, George Frederick"
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
1955–1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Ambassador to Egypt
1960–1961 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Ambassador to Italy
1961–1968 		Succeeded by
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