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French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles

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Ships of the class under construction in 1918
History
France
NameInkerman and Cerisoles
Ordered1917
BuilderCanadian Car and Foundry of Fort William, Ontario, Canada
Laid down1918
Launched1918
Christened11 November 1918[citation needed]
Maiden voyage23 November 1918
FateDisappeared in a storm on 24 November 1918
General characteristics
Class and typeNavarin-class minesweeper
Length41.3 metres (135 ft)
Beam6.9 metres (23 ft)
Notes[1][2]

Inkerman and Cerisoles were two French minesweepers that vanished during their maiden voyage in a storm on Lake Superior on 24 November 1918. No trace of the two vessels has ever been found. The ships' crews, 76 French sailors and two Canadian captains, disappeared along with the minesweepers. Inkerman and Cerisoles are the last warships to disappear on the Great Lakes, and their sinkings caused the largest loss of life of any Lake Superior shipwreck.[3]

Background

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Inkerman and Cerisoles were Navarin-class minesweepers, designed to clear naval mines along the coast of France and in the English Channel.[4] They were named after major French military battles: the Battle of Inkerman was fought on 5 November 1854, during the Crimean War of 1853–1856, and the Battle of Cérisoles was fought on 11 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546. A sister ship named Sebastopol was built alongside Inkerman and Cerisoles.

A contract for $2.5 million awarded to Canadian Car and Foundry to construct 12 minesweepers for the French government was reported in February 1918.[5] Built in what was then known as Fort William, Ontario,[6] half of the order was completed by early November 1918.[7] Each vessel was 135 feet (41 m) long and rated at 321 gross register tonnage.[1][2] Their steel-framed wooden hulls were divided into four water-tight compartments. Each ship was fitted with twin screws and a single funnel, and had a top speed of about 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). Two 100 mm (4 in) deck-mounted guns, with a range of about 20 kilometres (22,000 yd; 12 miles),[4] were located forward and aft.

Maiden voyage and loss

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On 23 November 1918,[8] the three minesweepers Inkerman, Cerisoles, and Sebastopol left the harbour of Fort William, Ontario, on the northern shore of Lake Superior, headed for the Atlantic Ocean via the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[9] Captain M. Leclerc of the French Navy was in charge of the ships and was aboard the Sebastopol,[10] while 76 French sailors made up the crews of Inkerman and Cerisoles with the addition of two veteran Canadian captains, Capt. R. Wilson and W. J. Murphy.[4] As the ships steamed further into Lake Superior, they encountered a blizzard with recorded winds of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) and waves 30 feet (9.1 m) high.

The ships soon lost sight of each other through the snow and waves. The storm was so bad that a sailor aboard Sebastopol said "We had to get out the life boats and put on lifebelts ... the boat almost sank – and it was nearly 'goodbye' to anyone hearing from us again ... You can believe me, I will always remember that day. I can tell you that I had already given myself up to God."[4] Water poured into Sebastopol, flooding part of her engine room and nearly putting out the coal fires in her boilers. The storm pounded Sebastopol for two days but the vessel managed to reach Sault Ste. Marie, at the eastern end of Lake Superior. What soon became apparent was that Inkerman and Cerisoles were nowhere to be found.

Searches

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Newspaper headline of December 3, 1918

On 3 December 1918, 10 days after the three ships left Fort William, a search effort was launched.[4] Also on 3 December, Canadian and American newspapers reported the ships were overdue.[11][12] A week later, "last attempt" search efforts were reported.[13] The search was abandoned by Captain Leclerc on the evening of 15 December.[14] As Inkerman and Cerisoles were not found, and no wreckage has been found to date, their exact whereabouts and fates remain unknown.

Following the ships' disappearance, it was rumored that the ships were poorly built; it was also rumored that the crews became stranded on an island.[9]

In 2017, an effort organized by the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum searched for the ships' wreckage for over a month near the Keweenaw Peninsula.[9]

A June 2023 episode of Expedition Unknown featured new efforts to locate wreckage of the two ships;[15] the June 14, 1879 shipwreck of the tug "Satellite" was found however.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Inkermann (+1918)". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Cérisoles (+1918)". wrecksite.eu. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  3. ^ Gmiter, Tanda (August 18, 2022). "Lake Superior's biggest mystery: 2 French minesweepers built for war vanished in 1918". mlive.com. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Bourrie, Mark (18 October 2009). "Treasure hunters seek Lake Superior's 'Holy Grail'". Toronto Star. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  5. ^ "Steel Products—Canadian Car". National Post. Toronto. February 9, 1918. p. 2. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  6. ^ Trunrud, Tory (2016-10-16). "Blueberry Boat made here". The Chronicle-Journal. Thunder Bay, Ontario. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
  7. ^ "Car and Foundry". National Post. Toronto. November 9, 1918. p. 4. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "No Sign of Missing Boats". The Calgary Albertan. December 6, 1918. p. 7. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c Krueger, Andrew (2017-08-20). "99 years after two French minesweepers vanished in a Lake Superior storm, a new search aims to solve the mystery". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
  10. ^ "Two French Mine Sweepers Lost on Lake Superior". Muncie Evening Press. Muncie, Indiana. December 6, 1918. p. 3. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Two Trawlers Believed Lost on Great Lakes". Saskatoon Daily Star. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. December 3, 1918. p. 7. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Two Trowlers Lost". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota. December 3, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Seeks for Traces of Lost Mine Sweepers". Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan. AP. December 10, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "French Minesweepers Feared Lost on Lakes". Vancouver Sun. December 16, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved July 4, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Great Lakes' Vanished Warships". discovery.com. June 21, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.

Further reading

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  • Robnik, Diane "New Light on 1918 Minesweepers Mystery," Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, Papers and Records, XLII (2014), 3-15. ISBN 978-0-920119-63-1. Robnik's study makes use of newly translated documents from the French naval archives in Paris.
  • Stonehouse, Fredrick (2022). Gone: The Greatest Shipwreck Mystery on the Great Lakes.
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